第7章 元素那些事 Elemental Matters · 第7讲S2

1. 老师，讲稿里提到居里夫人把新发现的元素命名为Polonium（钋）是为了纪念她的祖国波兰，虽然那时候波兰已经亡国了。我想问问，为什么在元素命名里用国家名字这么常见？除了Polonium，还有没有别的元素也是用国家或地名命名的呀？
2. 关于Radioactivity这个词，讲稿里说radio表示从中心辐射出去，像车轮的辐条。那Radioactive decay（放射性衰变）具体是指原子核发生了什么变化？它是怎么从一种元素变成另一种元素的，比如从镭变成铅？
3. 讲稿里说卢瑟福是个pragmatist（实用主义者），他第一个看到了放射性物质的实际应用。我想对比一下，居里夫人主要是在做基础科学发现，而卢瑟福更关注应用，这两人在科研态度上有什么具体区别吗？
4. 为什么放射性衰变的速率（rate of decay）被描述为steady and reliable（稳定可靠），并且可以像钟表一样使用？它的半衰期（half-life）为什么是一个固定值，不会因为外界温度或压力改变吗？
5. 讲稿里提到卢瑟福和索迪发现放射性衰变能解释地球的热量来源。如果放射性元素衰变真的产生了这么多热量，那为什么我们平时感觉不到地球内部在‘发热’？这对我们理解地球的年龄有什么帮助？

1. The lecture mentions that Marie Curie named the element Polonium after her native country, Poland, even though it had lost its independence. I wonder why naming elements after countries is so common? Besides Polonium, are there other elements named after countries or places?
2. Regarding 'radioactivity,' the lecture says 'radio' implies radiating from the center like wheel spokes. What exactly happens to the atomic nucleus during radioactive decay? How does it transform from one element to another, for example, from radium to lead?
3. The lecture describes Rutherford as a pragmatist who was the first to see practical applications of radioactivity. I'd like to compare: Marie Curie focused mainly on basic scientific discovery, while Rutherford seemed more interested in applications. What are the specific differences in their research attitudes?
4. Why is the rate of radioactive decay described as steady and reliable, allowing it to be used like a clock? Why is the half-life a fixed value and not affected by external factors like temperature or pressure?
5. The lecture mentions that Rutherford and Soddy discovered radioactive decay could account for Earth's warmth. If radioactive decay generates so much heat, why don't we feel the Earth's interior 'heating up' in our daily lives? How does this help us understand the Earth's age?

1 00:00:05,300 --> 00:00:09,100 Mercury dubbed the effect radioactivityi， 2 00:00:09,660 --> 00:00:10,880 dupped means called, 3 00:00:11,060 --> 00:00:15,860 called the effect radioactivity 玛丽居里把这种现象 4 00:00:15,860 --> 00:00:21,860 称为放射性 radio 这个词我们很久以前是学过我当时 5 00:00:21,860 --> 00:00:28,700 还给了图片它表示从中心辐射到外面给了图片就是车 6 00:00:28,700 --> 00:00:30,880 轮的图片车幅还有呢 7 00:00:30,980 --> 00:00:36,680 半径不就是从圆心一条线辐射到圆周吗这个就是半径 8 00:00:36,680 --> 00:00:39,540 的那个英文简称就是 R Well, 9 00:00:39,640 --> 00:00:43,280 in the process of their work the Curies also found two 10 00:00:43,280 --> 00:00:45,220 new elements Polonium, 11 00:00:45,320 --> 00:00:50,760 which they named after her native country and Radium 在 12 00:00:50,950 --> 00:00:55,750 他们工作的过程中 The Curies 指的是居里夫妇他们两 13 00:00:55,750 --> 00:01:00,610 个人这时候是复数的他们也发现了两种新的元素一种 14 00:01:00,610 --> 00:01:05,330 就是 Polonium Polonium which they named after her 15 00:01:05,330 --> 00:01:06,030 native country 16 00:01:06,610 --> 00:01:12,090 为什么要称为 Polonium 是为了纪念她的祖国波兰 17 00:01:12,090 --> 00:01:13,330 Polonium 18 00:01:14,660 --> 00:01:19,680 波兰虽然这个时候已经被灭国了但是波兰人有着非常 19 00:01:19,680 --> 00:01:24,880 强烈的民族意识国家意识所以为了纪念自己的祖国她 20 00:01:24,880 --> 00:01:29,480 要把这个新发现的元素叫做 Polonium 大家可能还知道 21 00:01:29,480 --> 00:01:35,520 另外一个杰出的波兰人就是肖邦肖邦要求把自己的心 22 00:01:35,520 --> 00:01:40,780 脏送回自己的国家送回自己的祖国去安葬的后来到了 23 00:01:40,780 --> 00:01:48,080 1918 年第一次世界大战结束后在美国为首的一些大国 24 00:01:48,080 --> 00:01:53,360 的主持之下波兰就复国了还有他发现了另外一个元素 25 00:01:53,360 --> 00:01:54,200 是 Radium 26 00:01:54,400 --> 00:02:01,460 雷这个雷呢比之前说的油发射性更强 In 1903, 27 00:02:01,780 --> 00:02:05,360 the Curies and Becquerel were jointly awarded the 28 00:02:05,360 --> 00:02:08,500 Nobel Prize in Physics.1903 年, 29 00:02:08,680 --> 00:02:12,980 Gillie 夫妇以及他们的老师 Becquerel were jointly 30 00:02:12,980 --> 00:02:16,120 awarded 共同获得了诺贝尔奖, 31 00:02:16,200 --> 00:02:17,420 诺贝尔物理学奖。 32 00:02:17,930 --> 00:02:22,350 Mary Curie would win a second prize in chemistry in 33 00:02:22,350 --> 00:02:23,110 1911, 34 00:02:23,330 --> 00:02:27,190 the only person to win both chemistry and physics. 35 00:02:28,160 --> 00:02:34,640 玛丽居里在 1911 年也就是八年之后她还会再获得一项 36 00:02:34,640 --> 00:02:39,620 诺贝尔奖她会获得第二项那就是诺贝尔化学奖 She was 37 00:02:39,620 --> 00:02:43,900 the only person to win in both chemistry and physics 她 38 00:02:43,900 --> 00:02:50,560 是历史上第一个获得过两项诺贝尔奖的人而且她是跨 39 00:02:50,560 --> 00:02:52,080 越了两个不同的学科 40 00:02:52,800 --> 00:02:55,660 Now,why do I show this picture to you? 41 00:02:55,660 --> 00:02:59,940 Because the people in this picture were all Nobel Prize 42 00:02:59,940 --> 00:03:00,300 winners. 43 00:03:01,530 --> 00:03:02,430 This is Pierre, 44 00:03:02,670 --> 00:03:05,550 Mary Curie's husband.This is Mary Curie, 45 00:03:05,690 --> 00:03:07,150 and this is their daughter. 46 00:03:07,430 --> 00:03:11,810 Her daughter also won a Nobel Prize in chemistry later. 47 00:03:12,270 --> 00:03:16,090 所以这一家三个人获得了三项诺贝尔奖, 48 00:03:16,170 --> 00:03:18,830 其中据李夫人一个人获得两项。 49 00:03:20,320 --> 00:03:22,420 Well,before we move on, 50 00:03:22,580 --> 00:03:26,280 let's review the last two paragraphs of lesson 37. 51 00:03:26,900 --> 00:03:29,120 which is the end of our previous chapter, 52 00:03:29,340 --> 00:03:30,300 chapter 6, 53 00:03:30,560 --> 00:03:33,800 where scientists were confused about the age of the 54 00:03:33,800 --> 00:03:35,480 Earth.Now here we go. 55 00:03:36,260 --> 00:03:40,160 Just when matters seemed most intractably confused, 56 00:03:40,540 --> 00:03:43,520 along came another extraordinary figure with a novel 57 00:03:43,520 --> 00:03:43,980 approach. 58 00:03:44,360 --> 00:03:47,840 He was a bluff and brilliant New Zealand farm boy named 59 00:03:47,840 --> 00:03:49,200 Ernest Rutherford, 60 00:03:50,200 --> 00:03:53,000 他创造了不可否认的证据 61 00:03:53,320 --> 00:04:00,040 说地球有至少有百万亿年纪可能更多不 62 00:04:00,610 --> 00:04:04,830 过他的证据是基于自然 63 00:04:05,910 --> 00:04:06,270 自然 64 00:04:06,850 --> 00:04:13,270 科学上可信的并非完全不可信的但无论如何似乎牛顿 65 00:04:13,270 --> 00:04:20,010 没有犯错 and exactly how that came to be is of course 66 00:04:20,010 --> 00:04:25,230 another story and now it is the time to tell this story 67 00:04:25,230 --> 00:04:30,010 and it is time for Ernest Rutherford to enter the stage 68 00:04:30,010 --> 00:04:34,150 at Montreal University in Montreal the young New 69 00:04:34,150 --> 00:04:37,710 Zealand born Ernest Rutherford became interested in 70 00:04:37,710 --> 00:04:39,590 the new radioactive materials 71 00:04:40,130 --> 00:04:45,050 Montreal is a city in Canada Radiative materials 就是 72 00:04:45,050 --> 00:04:46,610 放射性物质。 73 00:04:46,670 --> 00:04:49,230 With a colleague named Frederick Soddy, 74 00:04:49,330 --> 00:04:53,410 he discovered that immense reserves of energy were 75 00:04:53,410 --> 00:04:56,050 bound up in these small amounts of matter, 76 00:04:56,330 --> 00:05:00,550 and that the radioactive decay of these reserves could 77 00:05:00,550 --> 00:05:02,790 account for most of the Earth's warmth. 78 00:05:03,600 --> 00:05:04,480 Reserve. 79 00:05:04,620 --> 00:05:08,060 You must have learned the phrase nature reserve. 80 00:05:08,060 --> 00:05:12,260 Reserve could mean an area of land in which animals and 81 00:05:12,260 --> 00:05:14,520 plants are protected.But here, 82 00:05:14,720 --> 00:05:19,140 reserve in this sentence means something kept back or 83 00:05:19,140 --> 00:05:22,180 saved for future use or a special purpose. 84 00:05:23,020 --> 00:05:26,760 Immense reserves of energy means a great amount of 85 00:05:26,760 --> 00:05:30,700 energy were bound up in these small amounts of matter. 86 00:05:31,000 --> 00:05:32,580 Bound up,bound, 87 00:05:32,960 --> 00:05:37,860 圆形是 bind.to bind means to hold or restrain as if with 88 00:05:37,860 --> 00:05:39,380 ropes 束缚 89 00:05:39,440 --> 00:05:45,600 捆绑本意是这样这些极少量的物质里边蕴藏着巨大的 90 00:05:45,600 --> 00:05:49,300 能量 and that the radioactive decay of these 91 00:05:49,300 --> 00 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）