第7章 元素那些事 Elemental Matters · 第6讲

1. 老师，讲稿里说 'culture' 在这里不是指‘文化’，而是指‘耕种’，那 'agriculture' 和 'horticulture' 这两个词里的 'culture' 意思一样吗？它们具体有什么区别？
2. 林奈的双名法里，为什么虎、狮、豹的拉丁名前一部分一样，而猫不一样？这能说明它们在生物分类上的亲缘关系远近吗？
3. 为什么化学元素符号很多是拉丁文缩写（比如 Fe、Ag），但像氮（N）、氧（O）又跟英文名一样？这真的只是因为英语受拉丁语影响，而不是英语地位高吗？
4. 阿伏伽德罗在1811年就提出了重要发现，但为什么直到1860年才变得‘general’（被广泛接受）？当时化学家之间到底存在什么混乱？
5. 分子式里的数字从‘上标’（superscript）变成‘下标’（subscript）只是‘没什么特别原因’地改变潮流吗？这种书写方式的演变对化学研究有什么实际帮助？

1. Teacher, the transcript says 'culture' doesn't mean 'culture' here but 'cultivation'. Do 'agriculture' and 'horticulture' share the same meaning of 'culture'? What's the specific difference between them?
2. In Linnaeus's binomial nomenclature, why do tiger, lion, and leopard share the same first part of their Latin names, but the cat doesn't? Does this indicate their phylogenetic relationships?
3. Why are many chemical element symbols Latin abbreviations (like Fe, Ag), while others like Nitrogen (N) and Oxygen (O) match their English names? Is this really just because English is Latinate, not because of its high status?
4. Avogadro made his breakthrough in 1811, but why did it take until 1860 for it to become 'general' (widely accepted)? What kind of chaos existed among chemists at that time?
5. Did the change from 'superscript' to 'subscript' for molecular formulas really just happen due to fashion with no special reason? How did this evolution in notation actually help chemical research?

1 00:00:08,640 --> 00:00:13,020 As an organized science, 2 00:00:13,460 --> 00:00:17,540 chemistry barely existed for decades.The 3 00:00:18,180 --> 00:00:22,320 Chemical Society of London was not founded until 1841, 4 00:00:22,700 --> 00:00:26,120 and didn't begin to produce a regular journal until 5 00:00:26,120 --> 00:00:27,140 1848, 6 00:00:27,890 --> 00:00:30,860 by which time most learned societies in Britain, 7 00:00:31,230 --> 00:00:32,860 ge ological,geographical, 8 00:00:33,580 --> 00:00:36,400 zoological,horticulture and linen, 9 00:00:36,780 --> 00:00:39,120 for naturalists and botanists, 10 00:00:39,220 --> 00:00:41,280 were at least 20 years old, 11 00:00:41,400 --> 00:00:43,640 And often much more 伦 12 00:00:44,480 --> 00:00:51,580 敦化学学会一直到 1841 年才成立而且要等到 1848 年才 13 00:00:51,580 --> 00:00:56,960 开始有规律的出版学术刊物 General 是学术刊物 By 14 00:00:56,960 --> 00:00:57,640 which time, 15 00:00:57,760 --> 00:01:03,100 到那个时候大部分的 learning societies 有学术学会、 16 00:01:03,160 --> 00:01:08,460 学术团体在英国的大部分学会比如说 Geological 地质 17 00:01:08,460 --> 00:01:13,920 学会 Ge ographical 地理学会 Zoological 动物学会 18 00:01:13,920 --> 00:01:14,960 Horticulture 19 00:01:15,180 --> 00:01:20,040 园艺学会还有林奈学会这个林奈学会是 For 20 00:01:20,040 --> 00:01:24,460 Naturalists and Modernists 主要是属于博物学家和植 21 00:01:24,460 --> 00:01:25,580 物学家的组织 22 00:01:26,180 --> 00:01:28,060 We're at least 20 years old, 23 00:01:28,140 --> 00:01:32,760 and often much more 这些学会的历史都至少有 20 年, 24 00:01:32,860 --> 00:01:36,200 甚至更长 Now let's look at this word, 25 00:01:36,320 --> 00:01:39,680 Horticulture You can see that it consists of two 26 00:01:39,680 --> 00:01:41,760 partsculture, 27 00:01:43,240 --> 00:01:45,000 we are rather familiar with this word, 28 00:01:45,120 --> 00:01:47,080 but we don't know this word quite well. 29 00:01:47,300 --> 00:01:50,340 The verb of culture is cultivate. 30 00:01:50,700 --> 00:01:53,260 在这个词当中,culture, 31 00:01:53,460 --> 00:01:55,540 它的动词是 cultivate。 32 00:01:55,680 --> 00:01:59,380 To cultivate means to prepare and use land for growing 33 00:01:59,380 --> 00:02:02,280 crops and plants,就是耕种。 34 00:02:02,280 --> 00:02:06,880 比如这个句子 The land was too rocky to cultivate 这里 35 00:02:06,880 --> 00:02:12,260 的土地石头太多太坚硬无法耕种那它的名词就是 36 00:02:12,260 --> 00:02:17,280 culture They used to clear forest for rice culture 他们 37 00:02:17,280 --> 00:02:23,520 曾经把森林砍伐或者烧毁来种植水稻 Rice culture 38 00:02:23,520 --> 00:02:29,220 Culture means the practice of growing crops 就是种植 39 00:02:29,220 --> 00:02:30,380 所以 40 00:02:31,050 --> 00:02:34,410 这里可以看出来看来这个 culture 可不是文化的意思。 41 00:02:35,280 --> 00:02:36,620 Now,agriculture. 42 00:02:37,500 --> 00:02:39,860 This word consists of two parts, 43 00:02:40,060 --> 00:02:41,360 agri and culture. 44 00:02:41,680 --> 00:02:45,000 The first part comes from the Latin word agri, 45 00:02:45,040 --> 00:02:45,720 meaning field, 46 00:02:46,000 --> 00:02:49,080 and the second word culture comes from the Latin word, 47 00:02:49,200 --> 00:02:51,420 meaning the use of land for crops. 48 00:02:52,120 --> 00:02:55,340 所以合起来呢,agriculture 就是农业。 49 00:02:56,210 --> 00:02:59,430 The practice or science of farming.In 50 00:02:59,810 --> 00:03:03,150 the same way,horticulture consists of two parts, 51 00:03:03,410 --> 00:03:04,970 hort us meaning garden, 52 00:03:05,230 --> 00:03:08,250 and cultura meaning use of land for crops. 53 00:03:08,490 --> 00:03:09,510 Therefore, 54 00:03:09,550 --> 00:03:14,450 horticulture means the practice and the science of 55 00:03:14,450 --> 00:03:15,950 growing flowers,fruit, 56 00:03:16,110 --> 00:03:19,050 and vegetables.中文就是原意。 57 00:03:19,150 --> 00:03:23,690 这是它的形容词形式,因为后面它还该有一个名词, 58 00:03:23,770 --> 00:03:25,530 就是 horticultural society。 59 00:03:26,710 --> 00:03:30,550 现在我们再来看一眼这个 naturalist 以前是学过这个 60 00:03:30,550 --> 00:03:35,530 词了博物学家指的是那些精通自然历史尤其是动物学 61 00:03:35,530 --> 00:03:39,890 和植物学的人他们尤其喜欢在户外做 field study 62 00:03:42,080 --> 00:03:48,220 这个 L inane 这个是形容词它的名词来自这个名字 L 63 00:03:48,220 --> 00:03:53,380 inane 这是瑞典的博物学家或者说是生物学家那它的 64 00:03:53,380 --> 00:03:59,140 名字实际上在瑞典语当中是读作 Lyn 那现在已经约定 65 00:03:59,140 --> 00:04:01,020 俗成就翻译作 Lyn 在 66 00:04:01,400 --> 00:04:08,100 18 世纪以前博物学家有各自的体系给生物命名由于没 67 00:04:08,100 --> 00:04:12,960 有统一的标准时常会出现同一种生物有好几个名字或 68 00:04:12,960 --> 00:04:15,880 者好几个生物共同用一个名字的情况 69 00:04:16,320 --> 00:04:22,500 Lyn 非常痛恨这种杂乱无章的状况她很不喜欢不成系 70 00:04:22,500 --> 00:04:27,800 统的事物他发现根据几个重要的特性完全可以把植物 71 00:04:27,800 --> 00:04:33,760 进行分类自然界的确是存在秩序的林奈的分类系统分 72 00:04:33,760 --> 00:04:37,460 为八个层次就是我们以前也说过的种、 73 00:04:37,600 --> 00:04:42,020 属、科、木、钢、亚门、门和界 74 00:04:42,700 --> 00:04:48,800 他后来推广了动植物双名法以拉丁文来为生物命名 75 00:04:50,250 --> 00:04:55,590 比如中文的柠檬和英文的 lemon 这两个都不是世界生 76 00:04:55,590 --> 00:05:00,090 物学家用来沟通的时候所使用的名称他们用的是拉丁 77 00:05:00,090 --> 00:05:05,570 文有两个部分组成第一个部分是署名这个署名呢第一 78 00:05:05,570 --> 00:05:07,470 个字母大写写体 79 00:05:08,120 --> 00:05:14,320 后面这个是总加词第一个字母是小写也是写体那我们 80 00:05:14,320 --> 00:05:19,660 来看一下柠檬菊橙这三种非常相似的事物 81 00:05:20,180 --> 00:05:23,660 它的拉丁文你可以看到这个部分 82 00:05:24,380 --> 00:05:29,870 鼠名这个部分是一样的说明它们是同鼠的但是种是不 83 00:05:29,870 --> 00:05:33,560 同的种加词不一样再看虎、 84 00:05:33,620 --> 00:05:34,740 狮、豹、猫 85 00:05:35,660 --> 00:05:40,370 这四种我们觉得它们也有一定的相似之处就是它们都 86 00:05:40,370 --> 00:05:44,640 是猫科动物但是我们看到它的这个名字 87 00:05:45,160 --> 00:05:49,840 只有前三个有相似性 Panther a 而 88 00:05:50,070 --> 00:05:55,550 这个猫不一样是 fil is 这说明呢它们虽然都是猫科动 89 00:05:55,550 --> 00:06:01,950 物但是它们是不同属的那这三个是同属的虎狮豹都属 90 00:06:01,950 --> 00:06:03,130 于豹属 91 00:06:03,790 --> 00:06:10,490 猫科豹属而这个猫呢是猫科猫属所以你从这个名字可 92 00:06:10,490 --> 00:06:16,030 以看出来虎和狮之间的亲缘关系要比虎和猫的亲缘关 93 00:06:16,030 --> 00:06:20,910 系要更近林奈的双名法简化了生物的命名系统燃生物 94 00:06:20,910 --> 00:06:23,030 学研究变得更加系统和高效 95 00:06:35,580 --> 00:06:41,660 前文说到伦敦化学学会到 1841 年才成立而作为它的竞 96 00:06:41,660 --> 00:06:46,600 争对手的化学研究院一直到 1877 年才成立 97 00:06:47,890 --> 00:06:51,190 这比美国化学学会的创立还要晚了一年 98 00:07:07,750 --> 00:07:14,390 由于化学这门学科花了好长时间才厘清它的条理才变 99 00: ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）