第7章 元素那些事 Elemental Matters · 第6讲S5

1. 老师，讲稿里说元素周期表的“正式决定因素”是 electron valences（电子价），但又说这太复杂得上夜校才能懂。那对于初学者来说，横排（horizontal rows）排列元素最核心的依据到底是什么呀？
2. 我有点搞混了 atomic number（原子序数）和 atomic weight（原子量）。讲稿里特意提到别把这两个 confused（混淆），它们到底有啥本质区别？是不是只要数质子就行？
3. 为什么周期表里 89 到 103 号那些元素，还有 57 到 71 号的，都被挤在表格下方的一个小格子里？如果把它们都直接列在主线里，表格会变成啥样？
4. Helium（氦）这个名字是为了 honors（致敬）希腊太阳神 Helios。那为啥它不是先在地面上被发现的，而是在日食的时候用 spectroscope（分光镜）在太阳上找到的？这名字起得挺有故事啊。
5. 讲稿里提到氢（Hydrogen）是宇宙里最 common（普遍）的元素，而氦（Helium）是 second most abundant（第二丰富）。既然氦这么常见，为啥门捷列夫发明周期表的时候，它直到前一年才刚被发现，而且之前连 suspect（怀疑）都没人怀疑过？

1. The lecture mentions that 'electron valences' are the formal determinant for ordering, but says it's too complex to understand without night classes. So, for beginners, what is the core basis for arranging elements in horizontal rows?
2. I'm a bit confused between 'atomic number' and 'atomic weight'. The transcript specifically warns against confusing them. What's the essential difference? Is it just about counting protons?
3. Why are the elements from atomic numbers 89 to 103, and 57 to 71, squeezed into a small box at the bottom of the periodic table? What would the table look like if they were listed directly in the main sequence?
4. The name 'Helium' is said to honor the Greek sun god Helios. Why wasn't it discovered on Earth first, but rather found in the sun during a solar eclipse using a spectroscope? That's quite a story behind the name.
5. The transcript states that Hydrogen is the most 'common' (abundant) element in the universe, and Helium is the second most 'abundant'. Since Helium is so common, why was it only discovered the year before Mendeleev's table was invented, and why wasn't it even suspected before that?

1 00:00:06,290 --> 00:00:09,230 我们来看一下图这个就是 Copper, 2 00:00:09,230 --> 00:00:12,950 Silver,Gold,Helium,Ne on, 3 00:00:13,070 --> 00:00:14,490 Argon The 4 00:00:16,090 --> 00:00:19,550 actual formal determinant in the ordering is 5 00:00:19,550 --> 00:00:23,730 something called the electron valences for which you 6 00:00:23,730 --> 00:00:27,010 will have to enroll in night classes if you wish an 7 00:00:27,010 --> 00:00:29,310 understanding Determinate 8 00:00:29,630 --> 00:00:33,630 这是一个名词但是我们可以看到这里有一个动词就是 9 00:00:33,630 --> 00:00:38,640 determinedetermine 就是决定那么 determ inant 指的 10 00:00:38,640 --> 00:00:43,910 是决定因素至于这些排列方式这个 ordering 就是排列 11 00:00:43,910 --> 00:00:51,250 的方式这个次序是怎么排的它的实际的正式的因素应 12 00:00:51,250 --> 00:00:56,670 该说是叫做 electron valences 是电子架那这个是什么 13 00:00:56,670 --> 00:01:00,450 东西呢 for which you will have to enroll in night 14 00:01:00,450 --> 00:01:04,610 classes if you wish an understanding 如果你想要理解 15 00:01:04,610 --> 00:01:07,230 这个东西的话你得要到 16 00:01:07,320 --> 00:01:11,520 夜校去报名 To enroll in means to register in To enter 17 00:01:11,520 --> 00:01:16,120 your name in 就是去那边报名去读一个夜校才可以理解 18 00:01:16,120 --> 00:01:20,030 那作者在这里这样说的意思就是这个问题很复杂在这 19 00:01:20,030 --> 00:01:23,660 里是说不清的因为你如果真的想要理解的话你得上学 20 00:01:23,660 --> 00:01:26,120 去修这门课才行 The 21 00:01:27,370 --> 00:01:30,930 horizontal rows meanwhilearrange the chemicals in 22 00:01:30,930 --> 00:01:33,770 ascending order by the number of protons in their 23 00:01:33,770 --> 00:01:36,730 nuclei Nucleic,what is known as their atomic number? 24 00:01:37,170 --> 00:01:40,790 Nucleic,它的原型是 Nucle us, 25 00:01:40,810 --> 00:01:45,290 原子核这是它的复数形式大家肯定觉得这个复数形式 26 00:01:45,290 --> 00:01:47,370 看起来很奇怪确实如此, 27 00:01:47,570 --> 00:01:52,810 因为它是来自拉丁文的单词所以遵循的单复数变形规 28 00:01:52,810 --> 00:01:54,530 则跟英语是不一样的 29 00:01:54,990 --> 00:02:00,110 这类词我们之前也稍微总结过一次比如说我们学到超 30 00:02:00,110 --> 00:02:05,230 新星,就是 Supernova 它的复数形式是 supernova 31 00:02:06,680 --> 00:02:09,960 这个原子叙述 32 00:02:11,540 --> 00:02:16,800 这边有一个破折号也就说明这后面的这个部分是解释 33 00:02:16,800 --> 00:02:28,010 前面的就是原子和内部质子的数量那就是原子叙述 34 00:02:33,940 --> 00:02:40,220 increasing 也就是从小到大递增的这个顺序那 35 00:02:40,290 --> 00:02:45,570 刚才说的是 vertical columns 重列是怎样排列的是按 36 00:02:45,570 --> 00:02:51,630 照它的性质而现在就开始讲到 horizontal rows 横排横 37 00:02:51,630 --> 00:02:59,950 排的排列方式是依据这些元素原子和内部的质子的数 38 00:02:59,950 --> 00:03:06,030 量也就是根据它们的原子叙述按照从小到大递增的方 39 00:03:06,030 --> 00:03:07,210 式来排列。 40 00:03:33,810 --> 00:03:37,390 and has an atomic number of 92 至 41 00:03:39,410 --> 00:03:45,610 于原子的结构以及质子的重要性这个要在下一章中再 42 00:03:45,610 --> 00:03:51,250 讲 so for the moment 那目前来说呢 all that is necessary 43 00:03:51,250 --> 00:03:55,390 我们所要做的就是 to appreciate the organizing 44 00:03:55,390 --> 00:03:59,230 principle to appreciate means to be fully aware of 45 00:03:59,230 --> 00:04:02,790 something or to be sensitive to something 这里就是指 46 00:04:02,790 --> 00:04:08,470 去理解我们现在只要理解它的组织原则就可以了它的 47 00:04:08,560 --> 00:04:09,220 原则就是 48 00:04:09,780 --> 00:04:15,140 举个例子 Hydrogen has just one proton 比如氢它只有一 49 00:04:15,140 --> 00:04:17,260 个质子 So 50 00:04:17,420 --> 00:04:22,160 it has an atomic number of one 所以它的原子序也就是原 51 00:04:22,160 --> 00:04:26,880 子序数就是一 and comes first on the chart on the 52 00:04:26,880 --> 00:04:30,800 chartchart 就是那个 table 就是元素周期表所以它在 53 00:04:30,800 --> 00:04:37,340 表格上它就占据第一位 Uranium 有 has 92 protons 它的 54 00:04:37,340 --> 00:04:40,720 这个质子数很大质子数是 92 55 00:04:41,320 --> 00:04:45,340 and so it comes near the end and has an atomic number of 92 56 00:04:45,340 --> 00:04:50,820 所以它的这个原子叙述就是 92 然后就排到比较后面我 57 00:04:50,820 --> 00:04:52,860 们现在来看一下图 58 00:04:54,620 --> 00:04:58,020 这就是白在第一位的氢刚 59 00:04:58,240 --> 00:05:06,420 才说的 92 在哪呢在比较后面了在这 8989 到 103 那 60 00:05:07,540 --> 00:05:12,540 为什么 89 到 103 这么多的元素要被挤在这么一个小格 61 00:05:12,540 --> 00:05:15,910 子呢这些元素到底都是些什么呢 62 00:05:16,370 --> 00:05:21,250 其实都在这儿 89 到 103 全部都在这儿 63 00:05:21,990 --> 00:05:26,010 57 到 71 也是类似的情况全部都列在这儿 64 00:05:26,590 --> 00:05:30,370 这些元素全部都是放射性元素 65 00:05:30,930 --> 00:05:35,910 单独把它列在这儿然后全部在总表上是挤在一个小格 66 00:05:35,910 --> 00:05:40,510 子里面是为了让这个表看起来比较美观而且如果真的 67 00:05:40,510 --> 00:05:45,430 把这个全部都写进去的话这个表就会变得很长很长一 68 00:05:45,430 --> 00:05:49,950 张 A4 纸都没法打印下来用起来就不方便了 In 69 00:05:50,910 --> 00:05:51,550 this sense, 70 00:05:51,830 --> 00:05:55,770 as Philip Ball has pointed out chemistry really is just 71 00:05:55,770 --> 00:05:56,810 a matter of counting 72 00:05:57,560 --> 00:06:01,940 那从这个意义上来说正如 Philip Ball 这位科学作家 73 00:06:01,940 --> 00:06:07,700 Philip Ball 所说的那样化学其实不就有数数吗 atomic 74 00:06:07,700 --> 00:06:11,540 number incidentally is not to be confused with atomic 75 00:06:11,540 --> 00:06:15,460 weightwhich is the number of protons plus the number of 76 00:06:15,460 --> 00:06:18,600 neutrons in a given element 这里 77 00:06:18,630 --> 00:06:22,510 需要说明的是原子叙述不 78 00:06:22,640 --> 00:06:29,040 可以跟原子量换为一谈不能把它 confused 那这个 79 00:06:29,040 --> 00:06:32,740 atomic weight 到底是什么呢 which is the number of 80 00:06:32,740 --> 00:06:37,640 protons plus the number of neutrons in a given element a 81 00:06:37,640 --> 00:06:41,280 given element 就是在某一个元素中所 82 00:06:42,140 --> 00:06:49,870 谓原子量其实是某一个元素中的中子数加上质子数就 83 00:06:49,870 --> 00:06:53,500 是质子数和中子数的总和 There 84 00:06:54,590 --> 00:06:57,890 was still a great deal that wasn't known or understood 85 00:06:57,890 --> 00:07:04,570 在这个时候人们其实还有很多不知道的东西比如说 86 00:07:12,630 --> 00:07:20,730 氢作为宇宙中最普遍这个 common 不是普通而是普遍氢 87 00:07:20,730 --> 00:07:26,510 作为宇宙中最普遍存在的元素一直到三十年后才有人 88 00:07:26,510 --> 00:07:31,150 开始往那个方面去猜想 No one would guess as much for 89 00:07:31,150 --> 00:07:32,490 another 30 years 90 00:07:32,690 --> 00:07:37,010 三十年后才有人开始想会不会有这么一种元素存在 91 00:07:37,010 --> 00:07:40,870 Helium,the second most abundant element, 92 00:07:41,110 --> 00:07:44,610 had only been found the year before It's existence 93 00:07:44,610 --> 00:07:48,670 hadn't even been suspected before that And then, 94 00:07:48,7 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）