第7章 元素那些事 Elemental Matters · 第4讲S2

1. 老师，讲稿里提到这位科学家因为 'lukewarmness in the cause of liberty' 差点被捕，这里的 'lukewarm' 本来是指水温不热，为什么用来形容他对革命的态度呢？
2. 那些暴民想用 'hot tar' 和 'feathers' 来 'adorn' 他，这听起来像是在打扮人，但实际上 'tarring and feathering' 到底是一种什么样的惩罚方式？
3. 文中说他逃到了德国，但当时并没有 'Germany' 这个国家，而是去了 'Bavaria'。这两个地方在地理和历史关系上到底有什么区别？
4. 伏尔泰说神圣罗马帝国 '既不神圣也不罗马也不是帝国'，结合讲稿里的解释，为什么它叫 '神圣' 却又被说成不神圣？
5. 这位科学家后来在慕尼黑设计了 'English Garden'（英国公园），既然是在德国，为什么这个公园要取名为英国公园，它体现了什么样的风格？

1. Teacher, the transcript mentions the scientist was nearly arrested for 'lukewarmness in the cause of liberty'. Since 'lukewarm' usually describes water that isn't hot enough, why is it used to describe his attitude towards the revolution?
2. The mob wanted to 'adorn' him with 'hot tar' and 'feathers'. It sounds like dressing someone up, but what exactly is the punishment of 'tarring and feathering'?
3. The text says he fled to Germany, but notes there was no country called 'Germany' yet, but rather 'Bavaria'. What is the difference between these two places geographically and historically?
4. Voltaire said the Holy Roman Empire was 'neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire'. Based on the explanation, why is it called 'holy' but also described as not holy?
5. The scientist later designed the 'English Garden' in Munich. Since it's in Germany, why is it named after England, and what style does it represent?

1 00:00:05,200 --> 00:00:09,880 我们知道后来这个美国的独立战争是胜利了的所以当 2 00:00:09,880 --> 00:00:13,820 时他 side it with the loyalist 这是没有什么好处的这 3 00:00:13,820 --> 00:00:18,700 又是一位在革命当中站错队的科学家 and 4 00:00:18,920 --> 00:00:22,340 for a time spying on their behalf 有一段时间他还替校 5 00:00:22,340 --> 00:00:25,780 中派打探消息 spying 就是当间谍 6 00:00:26,740 --> 00:00:31,860 in a fateful year of 1776facing arrest for 7 00:00:31,860 --> 00:00:35,580 lukewarmness in the cause of liberty He abandoned his 8 00:00:35,580 --> 00:00:39,760 wife and child and fled just ahead of a mob of anti 9 00:00:39,760 --> 00:00:42,480 royalistsarmed with buckets of hot tar, 10 00:00:42,680 --> 00:00:47,540 bags of feathers and an earnest desire to adorn him with 11 00:00:47,540 --> 00:00:49,080 bells The 12 00:00:49,430 --> 00:00:52,650 fateful year Fateful means having important 13 00:00:52,650 --> 00:00:55,690 consequencesdecisively important 14 00:00:56,310 --> 00:01:01,790 在决定命运的很关键的那一年也就是 1776 这是什么样 15 00:01:01,790 --> 00:01:05,790 的一年呢因为这年美国革命获得了成功也就是美国成 16 00:01:05,790 --> 00:01:06,750 功的独立了 17 00:01:14,820 --> 00:01:19,480 就是自由事业追求自由的事业当然指的就是美国的独 18 00:01:19,480 --> 00:01:25,080 立在美国的独立当中是 liqu ornessliqu or 这是形容词 19 00:01:32,460 --> 00:01:37,580 that is slightly warm and often not hot enough 20 00:01:37,580 --> 00:01:42,960 therefore lukewarm means not showing much interest or 21 00:01:42,960 --> 00:01:46,340 excitement not enthusiastic enough rather 22 00:01:46,340 --> 00:01:50,100 indifferent 那这里 lukewarmness in the course of 23 00:01:50,100 --> 00:01:55,300 liberty 就是对自由事业不够热心他因为这个缘故因 24 00:01:55,300 --> 00:02:00,640 为对自由事业不够热心而面临逮捕 facing arrest 在这 25 00:02:00,640 --> 00:02:04,880 种情况下 He abandoned his wife and child It means he 26 00:02:04,880 --> 00:02:10,300 left his wife and child behind And fled just ahead of a 27 00:02:10,300 --> 00:02:16,140 mob Fled means ran away A mob means a group of people who 28 00:02:16,140 --> 00:02:21,190 are angry and violent 就是一群的暴民这群暴民是 anti 29 00:02:21,190 --> 00:02:27,610 royalist 这个 anti 是一个前罪表示反反效忠分子那当 30 00:02:27,610 --> 00:02:32,360 然指的就是那些 patriots 他们的敌人 armed with 31 00:02:32,360 --> 00:02:33,840 buckets of hot tar, 32 00:02:34,020 --> 00:02:38,680 bags of feathers and an earnest desire to adorn him with 33 00:02:38,680 --> 00:02:43,660 both be armed with 是指以什么作为武装也就是这些 34 00:02:43,660 --> 00:02:49,600 anti royalist 反效忠分子他们手里拿着一桶一桶的热 35 00:02:49,600 --> 00:02:54,440 沥青就是融化了的沥青还有 bags of feathers 一袋袋的 36 00:02:54,440 --> 00:02:59,700 羽毛 and an earnest desireearnest means serious and 37 00:02:59,700 --> 00:03:04,700 determined 决心要用这两样东西去把它打扮起来 to 38 00:03:04,700 --> 00:03:08,800 adorn him with both 这个 both 指的就是 hot tar 和 backs 39 00:03:08,800 --> 00:03:13,880 of feather 就在一群反效忠派分子带着几桶骚容的利 40 00:03:13,880 --> 00:03:19,400 亲还有几袋羽毛要准备把它打扮一番的时候他仓促地 41 00:03:19,400 --> 00:03:24,200 抛弃弃子逃之夭夭自己逃走了好 42 00:03:24,220 --> 00:03:27,970 现在跟大家解释一下这个 hot tarbacks of feather 这到 43 00:03:27,970 --> 00:03:33,370 底是干什么呀打扮什么呀 Tar 就是沥青我们经常用来 44 00:03:33,370 --> 00:03:38,470 做摆油路的路面但是烧融化了的沥青那是非常烫的 45 00:03:38,470 --> 00:03:43,810 Tarring and feathering It is a punishment and public 46 00:03:43,810 --> 00:03:49,450 humiliation The practice is to cover a person with hot 47 00:03:49,450 --> 00:03:54,290 tar This may be very unpleasant and very painful And 48 00:03:54,290 --> 00:03:58,230 then to stick feather onto his body Tarring and 49 00:03:58,230 --> 00:04:00,990 feathering is largely an American practice. 50 00:04:01,150 --> 00:04:05,070 M any Loyalists were treated in this way cruelly in the 51 00:04:05,070 --> 00:04:05,850 American Revolution. 52 00:04:08,090 --> 00:04:11,870 He decamped first to England and then to Germany, 53 00:04:12,090 --> 00:04:15,310 where he served as a military advisor to the government 54 00:04:15,310 --> 00:04:16,150 of Bavaria, 55 00:04:16,350 --> 00:04:21,310 so impressing the authorities that in 1791 he was named 56 00:04:21,310 --> 00:04:26,650 Count von Rundford of the Holy Roman Empire.To decamp 57 00:04:26,650 --> 00:04:30,570 means to leave a place quickly and usually in secret 他 58 00:04:30,570 --> 00:04:35,610 迅速逃往英国后来去了德国当然在那个时候并没有德 59 00:04:35,610 --> 00:04:40,870 国这么一个国家也就是去往德国现在的那个地盘现在 60 00:04:40,870 --> 00:04:44,490 所在的那个地盘 Where he served as a military advisor 61 00:04:44,490 --> 00:04:50,230 to the government of Bavaria 他充当巴伐利亚政府的军 62 00:04:50,230 --> 00:04:55,490 事顾问这个巴伐利亚之前我跟大家介绍过他是德国的 63 00:04:55,490 --> 00:04:56,450 前身之一 64 00:04:57,010 --> 00:05:01,810 在当时巴伐利亚奥地利还有普鲁士都是神圣罗马帝国 65 00:05:01,810 --> 00:05:02,310 的一部分 66 00:05:03,350 --> 00:05:07,930 我们现在其实对这个巴伐利亚有一个很熟悉的一个东 67 00:05:07,930 --> 00:05:13,930 西就是这个宝马车的标志大家看到 BM W 这个 BM W 实际上 68 00:05:13,930 --> 00:05:15,530 它的原文就是 69 00:05:16,370 --> 00:05:18,910 巴伐利亚发动机工厂 70 00:05:22,270 --> 00:05:27,630 他的工作给这些当权者留下了深刻的印象所以到了 71 00:05:27,630 --> 00:05:33,830 1791 年他就被册封为神圣罗马帝国的伯爵那这个神圣 72 00:05:33,830 --> 00:05:38,570 罗马帝国到底是什么国家大家肯定会想到罗马帝国就 73 00:05:38,570 --> 00:05:43,330 是古罗马他们有没有什么关系呢应该说是没有什么关 74 00:05:43,330 --> 00:05:43,610 系 75 00:05:44,760 --> 00:05:49,980 先看一下他们各自的统治时间和统治的范围 The Roman 76 00:05:49,980 --> 00:05:50,400 Empire, 77 00:05:50,660 --> 00:05:58,100 罗马帝国是公元前 27 年到公元后的 476 年这段时间统 78 00:05:58,100 --> 00:06:03,740 治的地盘差不多就是在地中海沿岸也就是包括欧洲, 79 00:06:03,900 --> 00:06:08,340 还有这里是非洲,这边是亚洲但是 80 00:06:08,690 --> 00:06:16,330 神圣罗马帝国时间要迟了很多是 800 年到 1806 年 81 00:06:17,100 --> 00:06:18,920 那它统治的范围呢 82 00:06:19,780 --> 00:06:26,300 是这块也就是欧洲的中部这里还有西部这样一块这个 83 00:06:26,300 --> 00:06:30,060 相当于是哪里呢我们对比一下前面这张图大家先认一 84 00:06:30,060 --> 00:06:32,160 下这个是意大利现在的意大利 85 00:06:33,420 --> 00:06:37,520 也就是这里所以它统治的范围基本上就是这么一块不 86 00:06:37,520 --> 00:06:42,520 是很大跟这个古代的这个罗马帝国比起来当然是小多 87 00:06:42,520 --> 00:06:42,700 了 88 00:06:44,080 --> 00:06:50,980 而且这个版图还是两个时期叠加的版图到后来也就越 89 00:06:50,980 --> 00:06:51,540 来越小 90 00:06:52,520 --> 00:06:57,820 地盘不同它的民族也是不同的这个神圣罗马帝国的主 91 00:06:57,820 --> 00:07:02,580 体民族是日耳曼民族不是罗马人还有呢这个神圣罗马 92 00:07:02,580 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）