第7章 元素那些事 Elemental Matters · 第4讲S1

1. 讲稿里提到Count von Rundford是个'splendidly improbable character'，这里的'improbable'具体是指他哪方面让人觉得很不可思议或奇怪呀？
2. 老师，文中说Thompson 'uncontrolled by anything so inconveniencing as a scruple'，这个'scruple'到底是指心里的愧疚感还是别的顾虑？
3. 古代欧洲贵族名字里的'von'或者'De'都是表示'来自某地'的意思吗？这和中文里先秦时期'氏'的作用是一样的吗？
4. 为什么在独立战争时期，支持英国王室的人叫'Loyalists'，而支持独立的人叫'Patriots'？这两个词在情感色彩上有什么细微区别？
5. Thompson 19岁娶了大他14岁的寡妇，后来又愚蠢地站到了效忠派一边，这些经历对他后来成为'不同寻常的人物'有什么影响吗？

1. The transcript mentions Count von Rundford was a 'splendidly improbable character'; what specifically makes him seem so surprising or strange in this context?
2. Teacher, the text says Thompson was 'uncontrolled by anything so inconveniencing as a scruple'; does 'scruple' here refer to a sense of guilt or some other kind of hesitation?
3. Are prepositions like 'von' or 'de' in old European noble names always indicating 'from a certain place'? Is this function similar to the 'Shi' (clan name) in ancient China?
4. Why were those who supported the British monarchy called 'Loyalists' and those supporting independence called 'Patriots' during the Revolutionary War? What are the subtle emotional differences between these two terms?
5. Thompson married a widow 14 years his senior at 19 and foolishly sided with the Loyalists later; how did these experiences influence his development as an 'unconventional character'?

1 00:00:13,080 --> 00:00:15,740 Chemistry rather lost its bearings in the first 2 00:00:15,740 --> 00:00:17,400 decades of the 19th century. 3 00:00:18,180 --> 00:00:21,940 Things might have been worse had it not been for a 4 00:00:21,940 --> 00:00:25,440 splendidly improbable characternamed Count von 5 00:00:25,440 --> 00:00:26,200 Rundford, 6 00:00:26,480 --> 00:00:29,320 who,despite the grandeur of his title, 7 00:00:29,460 --> 00:00:31,680 began life in Woburn,Massachusetts, 8 00:00:32,180 --> 00:00:35,440 in 1753 as plain Benjamin Thompson. 9 00:00:36,730 --> 00:00:39,650 Had it not been 这是虚拟语气, 10 00:00:39,750 --> 00:00:45,950 是倒装剧,正常的顺序应该是 If it had not been for a 11 00:00:45,950 --> 00:00:49,710 splendidly improbable character 要不是有这么样一 12 00:00:49,710 --> 00:00:54,970 个人物的话情况也许会更糟是什么样的一个人物呢 A 13 00:00:54,970 --> 00:00:59,470 splendidly improbable characterimprobable means 14 00:00:59,470 --> 00:01:00,070 unlikely, 15 00:01:00,490 --> 00:01:04,750 surprising and slightly strange 一个不同寻常的人物 16 00:01:04,750 --> 00:01:09,870 一个颇有些奇怪的一个人物他的名字叫 Count von 17 00:01:09,870 --> 00:01:15,500 Ramford Count 是伯爵这个名字里边这个 v on 是什么意 18 00:01:15,500 --> 00:01:19,790 思我们等会儿再解释那这个人 who despite the 19 00:01:19,790 --> 00:01:22,650 grandeur of his title began life in Woburn, 20 00:01:22,730 --> 00:01:26,430 Massachusettsgrandeur 要注意他的发音读作 21 00:01:26,430 --> 00:01:33,360 grandeur 而不是 grandure 他是 grand 的名词形式是一 22 00:01:33,360 --> 00:01:37,570 个名词 it means magnificence or greatnessespecially 23 00:01:37,570 --> 00:01:40,250 personal greatness or magnificence 24 00:01:40,900 --> 00:01:45,720 尽管他有着十分高大上的头衔 title 就是指他的这个 25 00:01:45,720 --> 00:01:50,240 贵族的头衔但实际上 began life in Woburn, 26 00:01:50,440 --> 00:01:52,700 Massachusetts in 1753 27 00:01:53,340 --> 00:01:59,680 也就是说他出生时其实只是美国马萨诸塞州的 Woburn 28 00:01:59,680 --> 00:02:03,520 这个地方的一个平民 plainplain means common, 29 00:02:03,760 --> 00:02:05,580 ordinary not impressive, 30 00:02:05,980 --> 00:02:12,200 not grand 就是前面这个 grand 的形容词 grand 的反义词 31 00:02:12,200 --> 00:02:15,590 Thompson was dashing and ambitious, 32 00:02:15,950 --> 00:02:18,110 handsome in feature and figure, 33 00:02:18,270 --> 00:02:21,770 occasionally courageous and exceedingly bright, 34 00:02:22,050 --> 00:02:26,690 but uncontrolled by anything so inconveniencing as a 35 00:02:26,690 --> 00:02:28,370 scruple.Dashing Dashing, 36 00:02:28,570 --> 00:02:29,570 a 37 00:02:29,600 --> 00:02:33,180 man who is dashing wears nice clothes and is very 38 00:02:33,180 --> 00:02:34,680 attractive and confident, 39 00:02:35,040 --> 00:02:38,980 spirited and lively.Feature 是五官, 40 00:02:39,100 --> 00:02:42,040 figure 是身材,也就是要脸蛋有脸蛋, 41 00:02:42,180 --> 00:02:43,200 要身材有身材。 42 00:02:43,320 --> 00:02:46,280 Occasionally courageous and exceedingly bright, 43 00:02:46,520 --> 00:02:48,480 exceedingly means extremely, 44 00:02:48,920 --> 00:02:50,800 very bright,非常聪明, 45 00:02:50,900 --> 00:02:54,620 but uncontrolled by anything so inconveniencing as a 46 00:02:54,620 --> 00:02:58,200 scruple.Inconveniencing 我们要从里边看到 47 00:02:58,200 --> 00:03:03,160 convenience 这个词方便那它的反义词 inconvenience 48 00:03:03,160 --> 00:03:07,460 可以做动词比如说 the snow inconvenienced the 49 00:03:07,460 --> 00:03:12,300 holiday travelers 下雪给旅游度假者带来不便 50 00:03:12,300 --> 00:03:16,420 inconvenience 就是给某人带来不便那么 51 00:03:16,420 --> 00:03:21,200 inconveniencing 也就是可以给人带来不便的东西 52 00:03:21,600 --> 00:03:26,100 那这是什么呢 a scruplescruple is an uneasy feeling 53 00:03:26,100 --> 00:03:28,600 that prevents you from doing something that you 54 00:03:28,600 --> 00:03:31,380 shouldn't 用中文来说就是顾虑 55 00:03:32,290 --> 00:03:38,070 这一句按字面意思解释就是它是 untroubled 也就是不 56 00:03:38,070 --> 00:03:43,610 受什么东西的困扰它不受任何有可能给它带来不便的 57 00:03:43,610 --> 00:03:49,830 种种顾虑的困扰所谓不受顾虑的困扰也就是它做事情 58 00:03:49,830 --> 00:03:56,530 是非常随便的毫无顾虑这位 Thompson 从小是精力充沛 59 00:03:56,530 --> 00:04:01,410 野心勃勃而且面貌英俊香洒 Occasionally courageous 60 00:04:01,410 --> 00:04:06,730 有时候非常勇敢 Exceedingly bright 非常聪明而这里 61 00:04:06,730 --> 00:04:09,810 要注意 Occasionally 并没有修饰到 Exceedingly 62 00:04:09,810 --> 00:04:13,270 bright 他只是修饰 Courageous 就有时候他还是相当的 63 00:04:13,270 --> 00:04:18,710 勇敢还有就是他是非常聪明 But untroubled 但是做事 64 00:04:18,710 --> 00:04:23,170 情非常大胆没有任何顾虑现在我们来说一下名字中的 65 00:04:23,170 --> 00:04:27,930 这个 v on 是什么意思是怎么回事这涉及到古代欧洲人 66 00:04:27,930 --> 00:04:33,610 的命名的习惯古代的欧洲人是只有名没有姓的所以同 67 00:04:33,610 --> 00:04:34,450 名的就很多 68 00:04:35,460 --> 00:04:41,840 为了区别呢他们就这样做名加上这一系列的小词然后 69 00:04:41,840 --> 00:04:47,640 加上封地或者出生地如果是贵族当然就是封地那就变 70 00:04:47,640 --> 00:04:52,840 成这个样子 Marguerite of Angles 比如安儒的玛格丽特 71 00:04:52,840 --> 00:04:54,120 这个安儒是地名 72 00:04:54,580 --> 00:04:57,160 还有 Mary of Tech 特克的玛丽 73 00:04:57,620 --> 00:05:02,660 这位安儒的玛格丽特是玫瑰战争时期英格兰国王亨利 74 00:05:02,660 --> 00:05:08,460 六世的王后是玫瑰战争中兰卡斯特家族的领袖 75 00:05:09,090 --> 00:05:14,610 Mary of Tech 就是现在的英国女王的奶奶那这个 of 是英 76 00:05:14,610 --> 00:05:19,670 语当中使用的如果是欧洲的其他国家那这个词就不一 77 00:05:19,670 --> 00:05:25,470 样但是意思都是一样的有可能是 D.Van 或者 Van 等等 78 00:05:26,450 --> 00:05:31,790 那我们看一些比较著名的人物的名字比如戴高乐法国 79 00:05:31,790 --> 00:05:36,870 前总统戴高乐也就是二战时期的戴高乐将军 Joseph de 80 00:05:36,870 --> 00:05:41,410 Gaulle 其实他的名字里边所谓的戴高乐这个戴就来自 81 00:05:41,410 --> 00:05:48,810 这个 D 他的意思是来自这后面这个高乐其实是高卢高 82 00:05:48,810 --> 00:05:54,590 卢是地名之前我跟大家说过高卢是法国的前身所以他 83 00:05:54,590 --> 00:06:01,850 的意思是来自高卢的 Joseph 同样梵高还有 84 00:06:02,400 --> 00:06:07,530 比斯迈达芬奇等等我们都可以根据这个模式来判断他 85 00:06:07,530 --> 00:06:13,100 是来自 A gole 这个地方的 V incent Bismarck 也是一样来 86 00:06:13,100 --> 00:06:17,240 自 Bismarck 这个地方的 Al to 而这个 Le onardo da Vinci 87 00:06:17,240 --> 00:06:22,960 是来自 V incy 的一个名叫 Le onardo 的小伙子所以中间 88 00:06:22,960 --> 00:06:27,060 的小词虽然写起来不一样可是他们的意思是相同的 89 00:06:27,640 --> 00:06:28,860 还有一种情况 90 00:06:29,480 --> 00:06:30,640 西班牙的 91 00:06:31,120 --> 00:06:36,120 它跟前面这几种不一样因为前面这些小词它是放在名 92 00:06:36,120 --> 00:06:41,680 的后面表示来自什么地方就放在名字的后面放在这个 93 00:06:41,680 --> 00:06:47,700 地名的前面而这个 don 是直接加在名的前面表示尊称 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）