第7章 元素那些事 Elemental Matters · 第3讲

1. 讲稿里说拉瓦西修的巴黎城墙是 'an edifice so loathed'，这里的 'loathed' 到底是什么意思？为什么大家那么恨它？
2. 马拉在国民议会里 'denounce' 拉瓦西并说 'for his hanging'，这两个词在语境里具体指什么？为什么马拉要报复他？
3. 讲稿提到法国大革命和辛亥革命都推翻君主制，但为什么说法国大革命更血腥，还提到了 'The Reign of Terror'？
4. 断头台 'Guillotine' 本来是为了人道主义减少痛苦设计的，为什么后来却成了恐怖统治的代名词？
5. 拉瓦西临死前还要和刽子手约定数眨眼次数，这个细节 'capitalized on' 了他的什么精神？

1. The transcript says the wall Lavoisier built was 'an edifice so loathed'; what does 'loathed' mean here, and why did people hate it so much?
2. Marat 'denounced' Lavoisier in the National Assembly and said it was time 'for his hanging'; what do these terms mean in context, and why was Marat seeking revenge?
3. Both the French Revolution and the Xinhai Revolution in China overthrew monarchies, but why is the French Revolution described as bloodier, with mentions of 'The Reign of Terror'?
4. The guillotine was originally designed to be a humane way to execute people, so why did it become a symbol of terror later on?
5. Lavoisier asked the executioner to count his blinks after his head was cut off; how does this detail reflect his scientific spirit?

1 00:00:11,920 --> 00:00:15,580 现在,勒布兹耶在法国大革命的错误之中。 2 00:00:16,980 --> 00:00:22,040 法国大革命的原因包括了不平等和偷渡。 3 00:00:22,720 --> 00:00:27,180 当时法国社会分成了三个阶级。 4 00:00:27,520 --> 00:00:31,340 第一个阶级是教师,包括牧师、 5 00:00:31,460 --> 00:00:35,120 僧侣、教士这些宗教的职业人员。 6 00:00:35,120 --> 00:00:39,620 The second class was the nobility including kings and 7 00:00:39,620 --> 00:00:44,000 queens and all those noble people 就是贵族 The third 8 00:00:44,000 --> 00:00:45,200 was the commons 9 00:00:45,280 --> 00:00:46,980 贫民 At 10 00:00:47,050 --> 00:00:50,090 that time the first two classes did not need to pay tax 11 00:00:50,090 --> 00:00:53,030 Only the third class,the commons, 12 00:00:53,070 --> 00:00:54,630 need to pay heavy taxes 13 00:00:55,270 --> 00:01:00,330 当时法国的政府经济又非常困难为了维持他们非常豪 14 00:01:00,330 --> 00:01:05,670 华奢侈的生活税收就要非常的高这就引起了第三阶层 15 00:01:05,670 --> 00:01:10,150 的强烈不满他们认为一切的社会矛盾根源都在于这个 16 00:01:10,150 --> 00:01:14,430 君主制度所以他们要起来反抗推翻这个君主制 17 00:01:16,120 --> 00:01:21,640 虽然都是推翻君主制度的革命但是这个法国大革命呢 18 00:01:21,640 --> 00:01:24,240 跟中国的辛亥革命是不同的 19 00:01:25,760 --> 00:01:32,180 革命者内部分为好几个派别其中雅阁兵派实行了残忍 20 00:01:32,180 --> 00:01:35,080 的恐怖统治 The Ring of Terror 21 00:01:35,600 --> 00:01:36,820 杀人无数 22 00:01:37,240 --> 00:01:42,220 你看一车一车的贵族被运到这里杀头不仅是贵族被杀 23 00:01:42,220 --> 00:01:42,520 害 24 00:01:43,410 --> 00:01:47,170 其他与他们意见不同的革命者也一样被杀害 25 00:01:47,610 --> 00:01:50,610 这是法国历史上一段非常血腥的时期 26 00:01:51,170 --> 00:01:55,900 而中国的辛亥革命过后末代皇帝溥仪还好好地住在他 27 00:01:55,900 --> 00:01:59,280 的皇宫里边 Now,it 28 00:02:00,140 --> 00:02:02,660 coincided with another type of revolution, 29 00:02:03,120 --> 00:02:04,480 the French Revolution, 30 00:02:04,920 --> 00:02:06,460 and for this one,Le B 31 00:02:06,580 --> 00:02:08,480 zier was entirely on the wrong side. 32 00:02:09,290 --> 00:02:12,800 Not only was he a member of the hated firm Genard, 33 00:02:13,040 --> 00:02:16,860 but he had enthusi astically built the wall that 34 00:02:16,860 --> 00:02:17,940 enclosed Paris, 35 00:02:18,380 --> 00:02:22,580 an edifice so loathed that it was the first thing 36 00:02:22,580 --> 00:02:24,780 attacked by the rebellious citizens. 37 00:02:26,350 --> 00:02:28,970 Enclosed means circled, 38 00:02:29,130 --> 00:02:30,410 means surrounded 39 00:02:31,070 --> 00:02:37,510 这位拉瓦西不仅仅隶属于遭人痛恨的这个通用租税公 40 00:02:37,510 --> 00:02:42,910 司而且他还积极修建了环绕巴黎的城墙大家还记得吗 41 00:02:42,910 --> 00:02:47,470 这个城墙它的目的是为了阻止人们自由贸易是为了收 42 00:02:47,470 --> 00:02:50,150 税的所以这是一个 Loased, 43 00:02:50,350 --> 00:02:55,610 Much Loased Edifice Edifice means a big buildingan 44 00:02:56,190 --> 00:02:59,570 edifice so loathed that it was the first thing attacked 45 00:02:59,570 --> 00:03:01,010 by the rebellious citizens 46 00:03:01,840 --> 00:03:03,240 这个 rebellious 47 00:03:03,440 --> 00:03:08,580 大家要先看它的动词 rebell to rebel means to fight 48 00:03:08,580 --> 00:03:12,200 against the people in authority 就是反抗 49 00:03:12,300 --> 00:03:14,960 反叛 rebellious citizens 50 00:03:15,240 --> 00:03:21,700 造反的市民这个建筑是如此遭人痛恨它甚至成了造反 51 00:03:21,700 --> 00:03:26,800 的市民选择攻击的第一个目标 Capitalizing on this, 52 00:03:27,080 --> 00:03:28,600 in 1791, 53 00:03:28,980 --> 00:03:32,300 Ma Ha,now a leading voice in the National Assembly, 54 00:03:32,680 --> 00:03:36,600 denounced the Lavoisier and suggested that it was well 55 00:03:36,600 --> 00:03:40,580 past time for his hanging.Capital, 56 00:03:40,580 --> 00:03:42,480 大家应该是知道的,Capital, 57 00:03:42,560 --> 00:03:46,580 它有几个意思,一是首都首府, 58 00:03:46,680 --> 00:03:48,920 还有一个意思是资本。 59 00:03:48,920 --> 00:03:49,860 But 60 00:03:50,500 --> 00:03:54,860 to capitalize on something means to use a situation or 61 00:03:54,860 --> 00:03:58,620 something good that you have in order to get an 62 00:03:58,620 --> 00:04:01,160 advantage for yourself 相 63 00:04:01,540 --> 00:04:06,780 当于中文说的利用比如说 The small country has 64 00:04:06,780 --> 00:04:10,720 capitalized on its natural beauty to attract tourism 65 00:04:10,720 --> 00:04:16,840 这个小国家利用自己的自然美景来吸引游客那 66 00:04:17,000 --> 00:04:21,420 capitalizing on this 利用这种情况这个 this 指代的就 67 00:04:21,420 --> 00:04:26,880 是前文说过的这种情况也就是 Levizier 的这个身份以 68 00:04:26,880 --> 00:04:28,000 及他做过的事情 69 00:04:28,660 --> 00:04:38,020 那么 in 1791 马哈这个是谁呢就是前面说过的那个马拉 70 00:04:38,020 --> 00:04:38,960 He 71 00:04:39,060 --> 00:04:43,020 submitted a paper to the Royal Academy of Science but 72 00:04:43,020 --> 00:04:47,740 was dismissed by Levizier And then he hated him ever 73 00:04:47,740 --> 00:04:49,100 since But 74 00:04:49,290 --> 00:04:52,970 now he was a leading voice in the National Assembly 75 00:04:52,970 --> 00:04:59,630 National Assembly 是国民议会就是法国大革命之后组 76 00:04:59,630 --> 00:05:05,230 建起来的一个国民议会那现在这位马拉他的身份是 A 77 00:05:05,230 --> 00:05:09,210 leading voice in the National Assembly Voice 指代的是 78 00:05:09,210 --> 00:05:14,450 人说他是一个 leading voice 指的是他在国民议会当中 79 00:05:14,450 --> 00:05:19,910 说话是很有影响力的他是一个相当于意见领袖的人物 80 00:05:19,910 --> 00:05:25,990 他说话是影响力比较大那他在国民议会里面 denounce 81 00:05:25,990 --> 00:05:29,490 the Lavoisier and suggested that it was well past time 82 00:05:29,490 --> 00:05:34,810 for his hanging to denounce someone means to express 83 00:05:34,810 --> 00:05:37,710 strong disapproval of someone or 84 00:05:37,710 --> 00:05:41,290 somethingespecially in public to condemn someone 85 00:05:42,380 --> 00:05:44,880 强烈的谴责拉瓦西他说 86 00:05:45,520 --> 00:05:50,730 这个人早就该被绞死了这句话从字面意思是 87 00:05:52,210 --> 00:05:57,070 for his hanging 就是他被绞死这个时间早就已经过了 88 00:05:57,070 --> 00:06:01,100 就是更早就应该把他绞死了他不该活到现在 89 00:06:02,130 --> 00:06:07,130 所以之前拉瓦西得罪了这个小人马拉现在他就要报复 90 00:06:12,890 --> 00:06:18,530 不久以后通用租税公司就关闭了 Not long after this 91 00:06:18,530 --> 00:06:22,350 Maha was murdered in his bath by an aggrieved young 92 00:06:22,350 --> 00:06:26,790 womannamed Charlotte Corday but by this time it was too 93 00:06:26,790 --> 00:06:31,860 late for Lavoisieraggrieved means angry and 94 00:06:31,860 --> 00:06:35,200 sadbecause you think you have been unfairly ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）