第7章 元素那些事 Elemental Matters · 第3讲S1

1. 讲稿里说勒布兹耶（Le B zier）修的那堵墙是 'an edifice so loathed'，这里的 'loathed' 到底是什么意思？为什么这堵墙会让市民这么恨？
2. 马拉（Maha）在国民议会里 'denounce' 勒布兹耶，这个词除了表示反对，是不是还有更强烈的公开谴责的意思？
3. 法国大革命里的恐怖统治（Reign of Terror）把革命搞得很血腥，而中国的辛亥革命后溥仪还好好住在皇宫里，这两者最大的区别到底在哪？
4. 为什么讲稿里说马拉在浴室里被杀的时候，'for Lavoisier it was too late'？马拉都死了，为什么勒布兹耶还是逃不掉被处死的命运？
5. 断头台（Guillotine）最初是为了让人死得‘不残忍’才发明的，怎么后来反而成了‘恐怖’的代名词？这背后的原因是什么？

1. The transcript says Le B zier built an 'edifice so loathed'; what exactly does 'loathed' mean here, and why did citizens hate that wall so much?
2. When the transcript mentions that Mahá 'denounced' Lavoisier in the National Assembly, does 'denounce' imply a stronger sense of public condemnation than just opposing someone?
3. The French Revolution's Reign of Terror was very bloody, whereas the last emperor Puyi lived peacefully in the palace after the Xinhai Revolution in China; what is the core difference between these two revolutions?
4. Why does the text say 'it was too late for Lavoisier' even after Marat was killed? If Marat was dead, why couldn't Lavoisier escape his fate?
5. The guillotine was originally invented to make execution 'less cruel,' so why did it eventually become a symbol of 'terror' instead?

1 00:00:11,860 --> 00:00:15,580 现在,勒布兹耶在法国大革命的错误之中。 2 00:00:16,940 --> 00:00:22,100 法国大革命的缺点包括了不平等和高利贷。 3 00:00:22,680 --> 00:00:27,160 当时,法国社会被分成了三个阶级。 4 00:00:27,480 --> 00:00:31,260 第一个阶级是教会,包括牧师、 5 00:00:31,460 --> 00:00:35,120 僧侣、教士这些宗教的职业人员。 6 00:00:35,240 --> 00:00:39,440 第二个阶级是众众,包括皇帝、 7 00:00:39,560 --> 00:00:41,460 皇后等众众众众。 8 00:00:41,460 --> 00:00:42,800 就是贵族 9 00:00:50,330 --> 00:01:00,330 当时法国的政府经济又非常困难为了维持他们非常豪 10 00:01:00,330 --> 00:01:05,670 华奢侈的生活税收就要非常的高这就引起了第三阶层 11 00:01:05,670 --> 00:01:10,150 的强烈不满他们认为一切的社会矛盾根源都在于这个 12 00:01:10,150 --> 00:01:14,410 君主制度所以他们要起来反抗推翻这个君主制 13 00:01:16,080 --> 00:01:21,660 虽然都是推翻君主制度的革命但是这个法国大革命呢 14 00:01:21,660 --> 00:01:25,200 跟中国的辛亥革命是不同的革 15 00:01:26,220 --> 00:01:32,420 命者内部分为好几个派别其中雅阁兵派实行了残忍的 16 00:01:32,420 --> 00:01:35,080 恐怖统治 The Ring of Terror 17 00:01:35,580 --> 00:01:41,300 杀人无数你看一车一车的贵族被运到这里杀头不仅是 18 00:01:41,300 --> 00:01:42,520 贵族被杀害 19 00:01:43,370 --> 00:01:48,470 其他与他们意见不同的革命者也一样被杀害这是法国 20 00:01:48,470 --> 00:01:50,610 历史上一段非常血腥的时期 21 00:01:51,130 --> 00:01:55,900 而中国的辛亥革命过后末代皇帝溥仪还好好地住在他 22 00:01:55,900 --> 00:01:59,280 的皇宫里边 Now,it 23 00:02:00,140 --> 00:02:02,660 coincided with another type of revolution, 24 00:02:03,120 --> 00:02:04,480 the French Revolution, 25 00:02:04,920 --> 00:02:06,460 and for this one,Le B 26 00:02:06,580 --> 00:02:08,480 zier was entirely on the wrong side. 27 00:02:09,290 --> 00:02:12,800 Not only was he a member of the hated firm Genard, 28 00:02:13,040 --> 00:02:16,860 but he had enthusi astically built the wall that 29 00:02:16,860 --> 00:02:17,940 enclosed Paris, 30 00:02:18,380 --> 00:02:22,580 an edifice so loathed that it was the first thing 31 00:02:22,580 --> 00:02:24,780 attacked by the rebellious citizens. 32 00:02:26,350 --> 00:02:28,970 Enclosed means circled, 33 00:02:29,130 --> 00:02:30,410 means surrounded 34 00:02:31,070 --> 00:02:37,530 这位拉瓦西不仅仅隶属于遭人痛恨的这个通用租税公 35 00:02:37,530 --> 00:02:42,910 司而且他还积极修建了环绕巴黎的城墙大家还记得吗 36 00:02:42,910 --> 00:02:47,470 这个城墙它的目的是为了阻止人们自由贸易是为了收 37 00:02:47,470 --> 00:02:50,150 税的所以这是一个 Loased, 38 00:02:50,350 --> 00:02:55,610 Much Loased Edifice Edifice means a big buildingan 39 00:02:56,190 --> 00:02:59,570 edifice so loathed that it was the first thing attacked 40 00:02:59,570 --> 00:03:01,010 by the rebellious citizens 41 00:03:01,840 --> 00:03:07,520 这个 rebellious 大家要先看它的动词 rebell to rebel 42 00:03:07,520 --> 00:03:11,760 means to fight against the people in authority 就是反 43 00:03:11,760 --> 00:03:18,550 抗反叛 rebellious citizens 造反的市民这个建筑是如 44 00:03:18,550 --> 00:03:23,740 此遭人痛恨它甚至成了造反的市民选择攻击的第一个 45 00:03:23,740 --> 00:03:26,800 目标 Capitalizing on this, 46 00:03:27,080 --> 00:03:28,600 in 1791, 47 00:03:28,980 --> 00:03:32,300 Ma Ha,now a leading voice in the National Assembly, 48 00:03:32,680 --> 00:03:36,600 denounced the Lavoisier and suggested that it was well 49 00:03:36,600 --> 00:03:38,040 past time for his hanging. 50 00:03:39,840 --> 00:03:41,920 Capital,大家应该是知道的, 51 00:03:41,960 --> 00:03:43,920 Capital,它有几个意思, 52 00:03:44,200 --> 00:03:48,920 一是首都首府,还有一个意思是资本。 53 00:03:48,920 --> 00:03:49,860 But 54 00:03:50,500 --> 00:03:54,860 to capitalize on something means to use a situation or 55 00:03:54,860 --> 00:03:58,620 something good that you have in order to get an 56 00:03:58,620 --> 00:04:01,160 advantage for yourself 相 57 00:04:01,540 --> 00:04:06,780 当于中文说的利用比如说 The small country has 58 00:04:06,780 --> 00:04:10,720 capitalized on its natural beauty to attract tourism 59 00:04:10,720 --> 00:04:16,840 这个小国家利用自己的自然美景来吸引游客那 60 00:04:17,000 --> 00:04:21,420 capitalizing on this 利用这种情况这个 this 指代的就 61 00:04:21,420 --> 00:04:26,890 是前文说过的这种情况也就是 Levizier 的这个身份以 62 00:04:26,890 --> 00:04:28,000 及他做过的事情 63 00:04:28,660 --> 00:04:38,020 那么 in 1791 马哈这个是谁呢就是前面说过的那个马拉 64 00:04:38,020 --> 00:04:38,960 He 65 00:04:39,060 --> 00:04:43,060 submitted a paper to the Royal Academy of Science but 66 00:04:43,060 --> 00:04:47,740 was dismissed by Levizier And then he hated him ever 67 00:04:47,740 --> 00:04:49,100 since But 68 00:04:49,290 --> 00:04:52,970 now he was a leading voice in the National Assembly 69 00:04:52,970 --> 00:04:59,630 National Assembly 是国民议会就是法国大革命之后组 70 00:04:59,630 --> 00:05:05,230 建起来的一个国民议会那现在这位马拉他的身份是 A 71 00:05:05,230 --> 00:05:09,210 leading voice in the National Assembly Voice 指代的是 72 00:05:09,210 --> 00:05:14,450 人说他是一个 leading voice 指的是他在国民议会当中 73 00:05:14,450 --> 00:05:19,910 说话是很有影响力的他是一个相当于意见领袖的人物 74 00:05:19,910 --> 00:05:25,990 他说话是影响力比较大那他在国民议会里面 denounce 75 00:05:25,990 --> 00:05:29,490 the Lavoisier and suggested that it was well past time 76 00:05:29,490 --> 00:05:34,810 for his hanging to denounce someone means to express 77 00:05:34,810 --> 00:05:37,710 strong disapproval of someone or 78 00:05:37,710 --> 00:05:41,290 somethingespecially in public to condemn someone 79 00:05:42,380 --> 00:05:44,880 强烈的谴责拉瓦西他说 80 00:05:45,520 --> 00:05:50,730 这个人早就该被绞死了这句话从字面意思是 81 00:05:52,210 --> 00:05:57,070 for his hanging 就是他被绞死这个时间早就已经过了 82 00:05:57,070 --> 00:06:01,100 就是更早就应该把他绞死了他不该活到现在 83 00:06:02,130 --> 00:06:07,130 所以之前拉瓦西得罪了这个小人马拉现在他就要报复 84 00:06:12,890 --> 00:06:18,530 不久以后通用租税公司就关闭了 Not long after this 85 00:06:18,530 --> 00:06:22,350 Maha was murdered in his bath by an aggrieved young 86 00:06:22,350 --> 00:06:26,790 womannamed Charlotte Corday but by this time it was too 87 00:06:26,790 --> 00:06:31,860 late for Lavoisieraggrieved means angry and 88 00:06:31,860 --> 00:06:35,200 sadbecause you think you have been unfairly treated 89 00:06:36,230 --> 00:06:42,230 Not long after this This 指的是通用租税公司关门这种 90 00:06:42,230 --> 00:06:48,070 情况不久以后马拉自己就被 murdered in his bath 在洗 91 00:06:48,070 --> 00:06:53,770 澡的时候被杀死被谁呢是 An aggrieved young woman 一 92 00:06:53,770 --> 00:06:58,090 个心怀不满的一个年轻女性叫做 Charlotte Corday 93 00:06:58,690 --> 00:07:04,590 但这个时候对于 Levisier 来说为时已晚虽然马拉已经 94 00:07:04,590 --> 00:07:09,370 死了 Levisier 还没有死可是这也救不 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）