第7章 元素那些事 Elemental Matters · 第2讲S1

1. 讲稿里说 'had come a long way' 意思是取得了巨大进步，那如果我想表达‘还有很长的路要走’，除了 'had a long way to go'，还有没有其他更地道的口语说法？
2. 老师，讲稿里提到 'inanimate' 和 'animate' 是反义词，还提到了 'animal' 的词根。那 'animation'（动画）这个词是不是也是从这个 '动' 的词根演变来的？它们之间具体有什么联系吗？
3. 讲稿里区分了 'organic'（有机化学）和 'inorganic'（无机化学），说是基于是否有 'life force'（生命力）。那在现代化学里，我们判断有机物和无机物的标准还是看有没有这种神秘力量吗？
4. 为什么讲稿里说拉瓦锡（Lavoisier）的父亲花钱买来的贵族头衔 'title' 不是明智之举？这个头衔后来给他带来了麻烦吗？
5. 讲稿最后提到拉瓦锡进入了一个 'deeply despised institution'（被鄙视的机构）。为什么这个收税的机构在当时会被人看不起？这和后来拉瓦锡成为化学之父有什么联系吗？

1. The transcript says 'had come a long way' means making great progress. If I want to say 'still have a long way to go' in a more natural, spoken way, are there other expressions besides 'had a long way to go'?
2. The transcript mentions that 'inanimate' and 'animate' are antonyms, and connects them to the root of 'animal'. Is 'animation' (cartoons) also derived from this 'moving' root? What's the specific connection?
3. The transcript distinguishes between 'organic' and 'inorganic' chemistry based on the presence of 'life force'. In modern chemistry, do we still use this concept of a mysterious life force to classify them?
4. Why does the transcript say it wasn't a wise move for Lavoisier's father to buy a noble 'title'? Did this title cause him trouble later on?
5. The transcript mentions Lavoisier entered a 'deeply despised institution'. Why was this tax-collecting institution looked down upon at that time, and how does it relate to his later success as the father of chemistry?

1 00:00:02,610 --> 00:00:04,270 锦园还在热预奏中说明, 2 00:00:04,390 --> 00:00:06,950 佛教被永远落入至十百亿岁开放。 3 00:00:08,510 --> 00:00:17,400 7.Elemental Matters 这课程包含许多法广的字体。 4 00:00:17,420 --> 00:00:21,440 如果你没有说法广语,你会发现难以大用的语言。 5 00:00:21,600 --> 00:00:24,220 就像我自己,我没有用法广语。 6 00:00:24,980 --> 00:00:27,280 虽然我尝试了我的常语, 7 00:00:27,280 --> 00:00:31,040 但我的语言仍然是不堪误。 8 00:00:31,040 --> 00:00:34,520 But I don't think that really matters much, 9 00:00:34,720 --> 00:00:37,680 because we are learning English.Now here we go. 10 00:00:38,790 --> 00:00:42,310 Although chemistry had come a long way in the century 11 00:00:42,310 --> 00:00:46,330 that separated Newton and Boyle from Schiller and 12 00:00:46,330 --> 00:00:48,250 Priestley and Henry Cavendish, 13 00:00:48,450 --> 00:00:50,850 it still had a long way to go. 14 00:00:51,920 --> 00:00:54,500 我们先看前面这半句到这儿。 15 00:00:54,630 --> 00:01:01,030 尽管在这一个世纪里边化学有了长足的进步 had come a 16 00:01:01,030 --> 00:01:03,370 long way means have made great progress 17 00:01:04,300 --> 00:01:09,000 然后再来看这个 that separated Newton and Boylefrom 18 00:01:09,000 --> 00:01:12,380 Schiller and Priestley and Henry Cavendish 这是一个 19 00:01:12,380 --> 00:01:14,440 定语从句修饰 the century 20 00:01:15,080 --> 00:01:20,680 这一个世纪分开了 Newton and Boyle 还有 Schiller and 21 00:01:20,680 --> 00:01:24,740 Priestley and Henry Cavendish 为什么这么说呢 Newton 22 00:01:24,740 --> 00:01:28,630 和 Boyle 他们两个属于同一个时代的同一个世纪也就 23 00:01:28,630 --> 00:01:31,020 是 17 世纪而这个 Sheila, 24 00:01:31,200 --> 00:01:31,840 Priestley, 25 00:01:31,980 --> 00:01:37,380 Henry Cavendish 他们三个都是 18 世纪他们中间正好隔 26 00:01:37,380 --> 00:01:38,300 了一个 century 27 00:01:38,920 --> 00:01:43,820 所以说这个世纪 separated these two groups of people 28 00:01:43,820 --> 00:01:47,880 从 Newton,Boyle 到后来的 Sheila, 29 00:01:48,020 --> 00:01:51,860 Priestley and Henry Cavendish 他们中间相隔了一个世 30 00:01:51,860 --> 00:01:57,240 纪尽管在这一个世纪里边化学有了长足的进步但是呢 31 00:01:57,240 --> 00:02:01,800 it still had a long way to go 它还有很长的一段路要走化 32 00:02:01,800 --> 00:02:06,780 学在这个时候还有诸多的不足诸多的弊端 Right 33 00:02:07,000 --> 00:02:11,100 up to the closing years of the 18th century and in 34 00:02:11,100 --> 00:02:14,440 Priestley's case a little beyondscientists 35 00:02:14,440 --> 00:02:19,300 everywhere searched for and sometimes believed that 36 00:02:19,300 --> 00:02:21,460 they had actually found things 37 00:02:41,970 --> 00:02:46,210 一直到 18 世纪末期,这里括号的我们先不看。 38 00:02:53,410 --> 00:02:58,490 世界各地的科学家都在积极地寻找有时候他们还相信 39 00:02:58,490 --> 00:03:03,290 自己已经寻找到了实际上是不存在的东西比如说 40 00:03:03,290 --> 00:03:10,870 Vitiated Airs 变质的气体 Deflostigated Marine Acids 41 00:03:11,740 --> 00:03:15,740 这个词我们首先要看下面的这个 Flotist in 42 00:03:15,760 --> 00:03:21,420 燃塑当时的科学家不知道火焰是什么他们觉得火焰是 43 00:03:21,420 --> 00:03:27,520 一种物质是由火焰的威力构成的这种火焰的威力就叫 44 00:03:27,520 --> 00:03:31,320 燃素那其实燃素是不存在的 45 00:03:32,190 --> 00:03:38,250 那这个 Deflossificated Marine Acid 是指去除了燃素 46 00:03:38,250 --> 00:03:44,050 的他们认为很多物质当中存在燃素那去除了燃素的海 47 00:03:44,050 --> 00:03:44,510 洋酸 48 00:03:45,050 --> 00:03:49,230 当然我们现在根本不知道他说的这是什么东西因为本 49 00:03:49,230 --> 00:03:50,170 身就不存在 50 00:03:50,880 --> 00:03:55,440 那这个 fluxes 我也无法查到这个东西到底是什么 51 00:03:55,940 --> 00:04:00,660 我参考了这本书的中文译本里边呢是把这个 fluxes 翻 52 00:04:00,660 --> 00:04:01,900 译成浮露考 53 00:04:02,500 --> 00:04:07,780 浮露考它的英文是 flux 但是这个 fluxes 肯定不是浮露 54 00:04:07,780 --> 00:04:13,480 考因为浮露考指的是这种花这个花叫浮露考所以这并 55 00:04:13,480 --> 00:04:19,600 不是一种不存在的东西啊它存在而且它并不是一种化 56 00:04:19,600 --> 00:04:20,840 学物质 57 00:04:21,610 --> 00:04:22,570 还有 calcis 58 00:04:23,130 --> 00:04:28,377 可以查到是这个矿灰金属灰但具体是什么不太清楚我 59 00:04:28,377 --> 00:04:33,310 觉得大家也不必太多的关注它因为这些东西是不存在 60 00:04:33,310 --> 00:04:38,520 只是当时的科学家他们一直在找这些然后他们以为自 61 00:04:38,520 --> 00:04:39,270 己找到了 62 00:04:40,810 --> 00:04:44,530 再看下面这个 terraceous excalations 63 00:04:45,310 --> 00:04:49,610 这个东西虽然不存在但是这些词的构成却是有道理可 64 00:04:49,610 --> 00:04:54,450 循的我们可以分开来看这个 Tyrrachius 是由 Terra 加 65 00:04:54,450 --> 00:05:00,070 上 Ace us 这个 Terra 我们才刚刚在上一节课学过指的是 66 00:05:00,070 --> 00:05:07,070 土地那这个 Ace us 是水所以 Tyrrachius 是指水路的水 67 00:05:07,070 --> 00:05:12,190 以及陆地的而这个 Exhalation 这个又是怎么来的呢我 68 00:05:12,190 --> 00:05:15,580 们先看这两个词 Inhale, 69 00:05:15,740 --> 00:05:24,320 Exhale Inhale 表示吸气把气往里边吸而 Exhale 相反就 70 00:05:24,320 --> 00:05:29,960 是把气呼出来我们可以看到这两个前缀 In 表示向内而 71 00:05:29,960 --> 00:05:36,300 Ex 表示向外这就像我们说的 Import Input 都表示向内 72 00:05:36,300 --> 00:05:43,100 然后 Export 是向外出口呢也叫 Ex it 一个建筑物的出口 73 00:05:43,100 --> 00:05:48,200 Ex it 那我刚才说的 export 是产品出口到国外那个 74 00:05:48,200 --> 00:05:53,900 export 也是 ex 作为前罪所以这个 escalation 就是指呼 75 00:05:53,900 --> 00:05:59,180 出的气体水路呼出的气体这个是什么我们并不知道 76 00:05:59,180 --> 00:06:00,320 and 77 00:06:00,480 --> 00:06:07,540 above all 尤其是他们非常热衷于寻找这个燃素 the 78 00:06:07,610 --> 00:06:11,230 substance that was thought to be the active agent in 79 00:06:11,230 --> 00:06:16,350 combustionagent means a force or substance that 80 00:06:16,350 --> 00:06:21,670 causes a change 在化学当中我们说是比如说 a chemical 81 00:06:21,670 --> 00:06:26,910 agent 一个化学试剂经常可以翻译成什么剂那这个他 82 00:06:26,910 --> 00:06:29,890 们就认为火焰是由燃素构成的 83 00:06:30,550 --> 00:06:35,190 现在我们来看这个括号里边的部分为什么说 in 84 00:06:35,190 --> 00:06:37,470 Bristol's case a little beyond 85 00:06:38,230 --> 00:06:44,030 他说一直到了 18 世纪末科学家还在热衷于寻找这些东 86 00:06:44,030 --> 00:06:49,070 西而对于 Pristoli 来说这个时间还得拖得更久一点 87 00:06:50,170 --> 00:06:55,770 那是因为 Pristoli 他活到了 1804 年也就是到了 19 世纪 88 00:06:55,770 --> 00:07:02,390 而且他至死捍卫燃素学说他一直坚持相信燃素的存在 89 00:07:02,390 --> 00:07:08,150 虽然他发现了氧气但是他并不是非常清楚燃烧到底是 90 00:07:08,150 --> 00:07:08,890 怎么回事 91 00:07:27,050 --> 00:07:29,550 在这里可以理解为存在 92 00:07:31,150 --> 00:07:39,590 就是存在着在所有这一切的当中人们认为呢还存在着 93 00:07:39,590 --> 00:07:45,290 一种 mysterious along vitalalong 这个是法语的词汇 94 00:07:45,290 --> 00:07:50,570 意思是相当于就是 energy 存在着这一种 energy 一种 95 00:07:50,570 --> 00:07:56,370 force 一种力量这个 vital 意思是生命的所以整个词就 96 00:07:56,370 --> 00:08:02,310 相当于是一个 life force 一种生命的生命力生命的原 97 00:08:02,310 --> 00:08:03,630 力 th ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）