第7章 元素那些事 Elemental Matters · 第1讲S4

1. 讲稿里说打开盒子观察会导致'波线崩坏'，这到底是什么意思？为什么'看'这个动作会让猫从'既死又活'变成确定的死或活？
2. Schrodinger 做这个思想实验，真的是为了证明量子力学很荒谬吗？还是说其实他在用'归谬法'来批评当时理论的不完善？
3. 讲稿里提到猫在宏观世界是'既死又活'，但在微观粒子世界好像也有类似状态。这两者有什么区别？为什么把微观规律套用在猫身上会显得特别滑稽？
4. 为什么 Schrodinger 这么厉害，却没能得到发现氧气的荣誉？讲稿里提到的'语言优势'和'发表时机'到底是怎么影响他的学术地位的？
5. 讲稿里反复提到'credit'（荣誉/功劳）往往被归给更有名的人（如 Davy），而不是真正发现者。这对现在的科学研究或学术评价有什么启示？

1. What exactly does it mean for the 'wave function to collapse' when we open the box? Why does the act of 'observing' force the cat to become definitely alive or dead?
2. Was Schrodinger really trying to prove that quantum mechanics is absurd, or was he using a 'reductio ad absurdum' argument to criticize the flaws in the theory at that time?
3. The script mentions the cat is in a superposition of alive and dead, similar to particles in the quantum world. What's the difference between these two? Why does applying quantum rules to a macroscopic object like a cat seem so ridiculous?
4. Why did Schrodinger, despite his brilliance, miss out on the credit for discovering oxygen? How exactly did the 'language barrier' and 'timing of publication' affect his academic status?
5. The script repeatedly mentions that 'credit' often goes to more famous scientists (like Davy) rather than the true discoverers. What insights does this offer for modern scientific research or academic evaluation?

1 00:00:04,980 --> 00:00:10,340 这个思想实验的名字就叫薛定谔的猫大家可以看一个 2 00:00:10,340 --> 00:00:11,160 视频短片 3 00:00:39,870 --> 00:00:40,490 会在同一时间中被消灭, 4 00:00:40,730 --> 00:00:43,230 而不是被消灭在同一时间中。 5 00:00:43,310 --> 00:00:45,750 当然,这将会有影响于猫, 6 00:00:45,910 --> 00:00:49,070 意味着猫将会在同一时间中生长和死亡。 7 00:00:50,350 --> 00:00:52,970 只有当你把锁门打开后, 8 00:00:53,110 --> 00:00:55,690 你会发现波线被崩坏, 9 00:00:55,790 --> 00:00:57,870 然后你会发现它实际上是哪个波线。 10 00:00:58,150 --> 00:00:59,750 现在,这似乎很愚蠢, 11 00:00:59,930 --> 00:01:01,770 但这就是 quantum mechanics 所说的。 12 00:01:01,750 --> 00:01:06,180 它表明了我们所批判的 quantum mechanics 的一些问 13 00:01:06,180 --> 00:01:06,190 题。 14 00:01:06,170 --> 00:01:08,710 我意思是,什么才是一个观察者? 15 00:01:36,530 --> 00:01:40,690 如果刚才的视频没有看懂我们再看这个简单的图示 16 00:01:41,250 --> 00:01:46,110 把一只猫放进一个封闭的盒子里盒子里放射一个放射 17 00:01:46,110 --> 00:01:52,030 性物质和一个装有有毒物质的容器设想这个放射性物 18 00:01:52,030 --> 00:01:54,310 质在一个小时内有 50 19 00:01:55,010 --> 00:01:59,890 的可能性发生衰变也就是发生衰变的概率是 50 20 00:02:01,150 --> 00:02:07,810 如果发生衰变就会触发一个激光使得铁锤落下来砸烂 21 00:02:07,810 --> 00:02:13,830 这个专有诱毒物质的瓶子从而杀死这只猫当然也有 50 22 00:02:14,390 --> 00:02:19,070 的可能性它不发生衰变那铁锤就不会砸下来这只猫就 23 00:02:19,070 --> 00:02:20,610 不会死根 24 00:02:20,770 --> 00:02:26,230 据经典物理学在盒子里边必将发生这两个结果之一也 25 00:02:26,230 --> 00:02:29,670 就是这只猫要不就是死了要不就是活着 26 00:02:30,400 --> 00:02:35,820 但是外面的观测者只有在打开盒子的时候才能知道里 27 00:02:35,820 --> 00:02:41,320 边是什么情况但是里边的情况其实是已经是固定了的 28 00:02:41,320 --> 00:02:43,820 已经是那样了只是说外面的人还不知道 29 00:02:44,980 --> 00:02:48,000 但是根据量子物理学却不是这样的 30 00:02:48,520 --> 00:02:54,900 在打开盒子观察之前这只猫是什么状态呢它不是生也 31 00:02:54,900 --> 00:03:01,340 不是死是处于一种量子态是活与不活叠加的这种离奇 32 00:03:01,340 --> 00:03:07,960 的状态而打开观察打开盖子看这个过程导致猫变成死 33 00:03:07,960 --> 00:03:13,440 的或者变成活的也就是它原来是不死不活那么现在打 34 00:03:13,440 --> 00:03:18,780 开了它就变成死或者变成活那这个严重的不符合我们 35 00:03:18,780 --> 00:03:19,820 的热场经验 36 00:03:20,400 --> 00:03:26,540 这项实验的目的是为了论证量子力学的荒荡当它从粒 37 00:03:26,540 --> 00:03:31,460 子扩大到宏观的物体的时候比如说扩大到一只猫那听 38 00:03:31,460 --> 00:03:37,670 起来就会非常荒谬 Shiller's rashness eventually 39 00:03:37,670 --> 00:03:40,290 caught up with him Rashness 40 00:03:40,470 --> 00:03:43,610 形容词是 rash If you are rash, 41 00:03:43,790 --> 00:03:46,550 you do things too quicklywith out thinking carefully 42 00:03:46,550 --> 00:03:49,830 about whether they are sensible or not For example, 43 00:03:49,910 --> 00:03:53,830 please,Jesse,don't do anything rash Jesse, 44 00:03:54,030 --> 00:03:55,310 不要冲动行事, 45 00:03:55,390 --> 00:04:00,440 不要鲁莽行事 Eventually means finally C aught up with 46 00:04:00,440 --> 00:04:03,740 We learned this phrase in this sentence previously 47 00:04:04,480 --> 00:04:05,900 By this stage,however, 48 00:04:06,140 --> 00:04:09,580 Owen's transgressions were beginning to catch up with 49 00:04:09,580 --> 00:04:14,400 him 但是我们学到欧文这个人的种种劣迹行为种种 50 00:04:14,400 --> 00:04:18,840 transgressions 种种出格的行为对其他科学家的迫害 51 00:04:19,330 --> 00:04:20,070 说到他 52 00:04:20,170 --> 00:04:23,970 坏事也干到头了 Beg inning to catch up with him means 53 00:04:23,970 --> 00:04:28,070 Owen was beginning to pay a price for his wrong doings 54 00:04:28,070 --> 00:04:31,930 for his transgressions 那在这个句子里面也是这样的 55 00:04:31,930 --> 00:04:37,480 Sheila pay a price for his rashness Sheila 也终于要为 56 00:04:37,480 --> 00:04:40,460 自己的裸乱行为付出代价了 In 57 00:04:41,100 --> 00:04:42,080 1786, 58 00:04:42,540 --> 00:04:46,880 aged just 43 He was found dead at his 59 00:04:46,880 --> 00:04:51,730 workbenchsurrounded by an array of toxic chemicals 60 00:04:51,730 --> 00:04:55,470 any one of which could have accounted for the stunned 61 00:04:55,470 --> 00:05:02,750 and terminal look on his face1786 年年仅 43 岁的 Sheila 62 00:05:02,750 --> 00:05:07,010 被人 63 00:05:07,170 --> 00:05:11,890 发现死在自己的工作台边 workbench 虽然说的是 64 00:05:11,890 --> 00:05:16,870 benchbench 是长椅长凳的意思但是 workbench 并不是 65 00:05:16,870 --> 00:05:21,570 工作椅而是工作台比如这样的木工工作台而对于 66 00:05:21,570 --> 00:05:26,530 Sheila 来说肯定是她做实验的那个台面 surrounded by 67 00:05:26,530 --> 00:05:32,370 an array of toxic chemicalsan array of means a large 68 00:05:32,370 --> 00:05:37,970 number of 尤其是指排成一整排的看过去很吓人的像他 69 00:05:37,970 --> 00:05:42,470 做实验的那个排面肯定是瓶瓶罐罐一大排一大排的装 70 00:05:42,470 --> 00:05:48,210 着都是 toxic chemicals toxic 就是我们前两页才刚刚 71 00:05:48,210 --> 00:05:54,620 学到的那个词 tox in 的形容词 tox int o x i n 毒素那么这 72 00:05:54,620 --> 00:05:59,810 个 toxic 就是有毒的 chemicals 化学物质他 73 00:06:00,610 --> 00:06:05,970 被发现死在工作台边身边摆满了各种各样的有毒的物 74 00:06:05,970 --> 00:06:10,530 质 any one of which could have accounted for the stunned 75 00:06:10,530 --> 00:06:14,770 and terminal look on his faceaccounted for means 76 00:06:14,770 --> 00:06:15,550 explained 77 00:06:16,190 --> 00:06:18,750 the stunned means astonished, 78 00:06:18,890 --> 00:06:24,390 shockedterminal has two meaningsfinal or deadly 一个 79 00:06:24,390 --> 00:06:29,550 是致命的还有一个是最终的比如说我们讲那个公交站 80 00:06:29,550 --> 00:06:32,810 的终点站就叫 terminal 那 81 00:06:33,580 --> 00:06:39,300 这里这个 terminal look 是致命的神色致命的神情还是 82 00:06:39,300 --> 00:06:45,260 最终的神情呢我觉得应该是 final 因为这个 look 本身 83 00:06:45,260 --> 00:06:49,620 是不会致命的但这是他留下的最后的表情所以是 84 00:06:49,620 --> 00:06:50,620 final look 85 00:06:51,780 --> 00:06:56,520 any one of which 指的是这些有毒的物质不管是哪一种 86 00:06:56,520 --> 00:07:02,740 都可以解释在她死前留下的那种惊恶的表情也就是说 87 00:07:02,740 --> 00:07:07,180 无论是哪一种有毒的物质都足以致死 88 00:07:18,740 --> 00:07:22,280 这是一个形容词是公正的意思 89 00:07:27,820 --> 00:07:33,520 have enjoyed 大家要注意这个 were 和 would have 从这里 90 00:07:33,520 --> 00:07:38,140 边可以看出来这个句子是虚拟语气是 91 00:07:38,300 --> 00:07:45,420 跟现实相反的虚拟语气是假设如果这个世界有公平正 92 00:07:45,420 --> 00:07:50,560 义可言如果这个世界是公平的如果这个世界说的都是 93 00:07:50,560 --> 00:07:55,820 瑞典语那事实上不是这样所以这是虚拟语气那 94 00:07:55,880 --> 00:07:59,580 假如是这样的话 Shila would have enjoyed universal 95 00:07:59,580 --> 00:08:04,020 acclaim.Acclaim means compliment or praise. 96 00:08:04,260 --> 00:08:07,320 Shila 就会得到举世的贺彩, 97 00:08:07,420 --> 00:08:11,400 就会受到世人的称赞,受到世人的称颂。 98 00:08:11,980 --> 00:08:14,680 但是很遗憾,事情并不是这样。 99 00:08:16,060 --> 00:08:17, ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）