第7章 元素那些事 Elemental Matters · 第1讲S2

1. 老师，稿子里说磷最初是从人尿里提炼的，这听起来好恶心啊，为什么当时的科学家非要选这种原料，而不是别的更干净的东西呢？
2. 文中提到磷在空气中会‘spontaneously burst into flames’，这个‘spontaneous’具体是指完全不受控制地突然燃烧吗？这和普通的点火燃烧有啥区别？
3. 稿子里说磷比黄金还贵（more than gold），但后来瑞典却成了生产火柴的大国，这俩情况是不是矛盾？它是咋从奢侈品变成大众消费品的？
4. 这里有个词叫‘Safety Matches’（安全火柴），既然磷很容易自燃，为什么早期的火柴反而叫‘不安全’？后来的‘安全火柴’具体安全在哪里？
5. 为什么稿子里特别强调瑞典掌握了磷的生产技术（mastery of phosphorus）就成了火柴生产大国？这对瑞典后来的工业发展有啥深远影响吗？

1. Teacher, the script says phosphorus was originally extracted from human urine, which sounds so gross. Why did scientists at that time insist on using this ingredient instead of something cleaner?
2. The text mentions that phosphorus 'spontaneously burst into flames' in air. Does 'spontaneously' mean it burns suddenly and completely uncontrollably? How is this different from ordinary ignition?
3. The script says phosphorus was more expensive than gold, but later Sweden became a major producer of matches. Doesn't this seem contradictory? How did it transform from a luxury item to a mass-market product?
4. There is a term called 'Safety Matches' here. Since phosphorus is highly flammable, why were early matches considered 'unsafe'? What exactly makes the later 'safety matches' safer?
5. Why does the script specifically emphasize that Sweden became a leading match producer because it mastered phosphorus production? What profound impact did this have on Sweden's later industrial development?

1 00:00:05,170 --> 00:00:07,930 He assembled 50 buckets of human urine, 2 00:00:08,150 --> 00:00:11,010 which he kept for months in his cellar. 3 00:00:11,290 --> 00:00:13,450 assembled means gathered, 4 00:00:13,790 --> 00:00:14,410 collected, 5 00:00:15,190 --> 00:00:17,790 收集了,收集了 55 桶的人料, 6 00:00:17,910 --> 00:00:20,830 which he kept for months in his cellar. 7 00:00:20,870 --> 00:00:23,090 A cellar is like a basement, 8 00:00:23,370 --> 00:00:25,950 it's a room under a house or other building, 9 00:00:26,130 --> 00:00:28,470 often used for storing things, 10 00:00:28,770 --> 00:00:33,430 是地下室,还在地下室里面藏了好几个月。 11 00:00:51,880 --> 00:01:02,440 经过种种复杂难懂的工序他把尿变成了一种 noxious 12 00:01:02,440 --> 00:01:05,380 paste Noxious means harmful or poisonous, 13 00:01:05,760 --> 00:01:10,120 有毒有害的,膏状物,paste 是膏状物, 14 00:01:10,240 --> 00:01:12,500 比如说牙膏就是 toothpaste, 15 00:01:12,740 --> 00:01:16,580 and then into a translucent waxy substance, 16 00:01:16,960 --> 00:01:21,580 后来又把它变成一种半透明的像蜡一样的东西, 17 00:01:21,720 --> 00:01:26,920 waxy,wax 是蜡,那么 waxy 指的是像蜡一样的物质。 18 00:01:40,240 --> 00:01:45,360 不管是变成高壮物也好大壮物也好不管变成什么样它 19 00:01:45,360 --> 00:01:51,520 都不能产生黄金当然了不可能产生黄金 but a strange 20 00:01:51,520 --> 00:01:54,440 and interesting thing did happen did 21 00:01:54,640 --> 00:01:59,220 放在这儿是起一个强调的作用但确实是发生了一件奇 22 00:01:59,220 --> 00:02:00,840 怪而有趣的事情 23 00:02:01,860 --> 00:02:02,980 After a time, 24 00:02:03,140 --> 00:02:06,700 the substance began to glow 过了一段时间, 25 00:02:06,860 --> 00:02:10,700 这个物质就开始发光了 More over, 26 00:02:10,720 --> 00:02:12,860 when exposed to air, 27 00:02:13,040 --> 00:02:18,220 it often spontaneously bursts into flamespontaneous 28 00:02:18,400 --> 00:02:24,780 前面才刚刚说过是指自燃自发的不加控制不加干预的 29 00:02:24,780 --> 00:02:26,780 而且也不是事先安排好的 30 00:02:27,360 --> 00:02:32,200 在这就可以理解为 by itself it often burst into flame 31 00:02:32,200 --> 00:02:39,000 by itself 经常就自己燃烧了起来 flame 是火焰 burst 像 32 00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:43,700 是爆炸一样突然就自己燃烧起来了当它暴露在空气中 33 00:02:43,700 --> 00:02:45,880 的时候会自燃 the 34 00:02:47,640 --> 00:02:51,380 commercial potential for the stuffwhich soon became 35 00:02:51,380 --> 00:02:55,640 known as phosphorusfrom Greek and Latin roots meaning 36 00:02:55,640 --> 00:03:00,780 light bearing was not lost on eager business people but 37 00:03:00,780 --> 00:03:05,480 the difficulties of manufacturemade it too costly to 38 00:03:05,480 --> 00:03:07,140 exploit the 39 00:03:07,370 --> 00:03:10,450 commercial potentialcommercial 在商业方面 40 00:03:10,450 --> 00:03:11,670 potential 41 00:03:11,750 --> 00:03:17,150 潜力商业潜力 for the stuff the stuff means the thing 那 42 00:03:17,150 --> 00:03:22,510 个东西也就是它产生的那个东西自己会发光甚至会自 43 00:03:22,510 --> 00:03:26,970 然的那个东西它的商业潜力它的商业价值呢 44 00:03:32,970 --> 00:03:44,710 这些急于赚钱的商人他们看到了这个东西的商业价值 45 00:03:44,710 --> 00:03:47,070 这个东西到底是什么呢 46 00:03:48,090 --> 00:03:52,290 Zoon became known as phosphorus 后来就被称为磷 47 00:03:52,990 --> 00:03:53,530 这个磷 48 00:03:53,970 --> 00:03:58,270 也就是我们说的那种鬼火就是因为磷在燃烧 49 00:03:58,610 --> 00:04:04,000 所以这个磷在拉丁文在希腊文和拉丁文的词根里面它 50 00:04:04,000 --> 00:04:05,670 的意思就是发光的 51 00:04:07,020 --> 00:04:08,780 But the difficulties of manufacture 52 00:04:09,360 --> 00:04:11,780 Manufacture means producing or production 53 00:04:12,420 --> 00:04:17,280 但是这个东西生产上有一定的难度你看人家那个尿提 54 00:04:17,280 --> 00:04:18,780 炼了好几个月才弄出来 55 00:04:18,800 --> 00:04:24,160 那么一点点 made it too costly to exploitexplo it means 56 00:04:24,160 --> 00:04:29,060 to use something fully and effectively 充分有效的去 57 00:04:29,060 --> 00:04:30,560 开发利用一个东西 58 00:04:30,960 --> 00:04:36,640 那由于生产的困难使得开发利用这个零这个东西成本 59 00:04:36,640 --> 00:04:40,320 就非常高 too costly means it's going to cost a lot of 60 00:04:40,320 --> 00:04:45,560 moneyan ounce of phosphorusretailed for6 guine 61 00:04:45,560 --> 00:04:49,660 asperhaps five hundred dollars in today's money or 62 00:04:49,660 --> 00:04:55,400 more than goldan ounceounce 在第一课就学过了一盎司 63 00:04:55,400 --> 00:05:01,460 相当于是大概二十八点五克就这么一点的零 retailed 64 00:05:01,460 --> 00:05:08,840 for six guine as 要零售的话要卖到六金币这 guine as 是 65 00:05:08,840 --> 00:05:14,310 当时英国使用的金币的单位它只用过一阵子后来就没 66 00:05:14,310 --> 00:05:17,680 有用了现在就没有 Guinness 这个单位了换 67 00:05:17,900 --> 00:05:22,740 算成今天的钱的话是 500 dollars in today's money or 68 00:05:22,740 --> 00:05:27,060 more than gold 这个 or 并列是跟前面这个 six gu inness 69 00:05:27,060 --> 00:05:31,360 并列就是 retailed for six gu inness or retailed for 70 00:05:31,360 --> 00:05:36,420 more than gold 如果用金币来算的话它值六金币如果跟 71 00:05:36,420 --> 00:05:40,380 黄金比较的话它比黄金还贵 at 72 00:05:41,600 --> 00:05:45,460 first soldiers were called on to provide the raw 73 00:05:45,460 --> 00:05:45,820 material 74 00:05:54,920 --> 00:06:00,900 刚开始的时候他们号召士兵提供原料也就是提供料但 75 00:06:00,900 --> 00:06:07,520 这样的安排对于工业化的大规模的生产这个 scale 是 76 00:06:07,520 --> 00:06:11,580 指规模 industrial scale 是工业规模的就是大规模的 77 00:06:11,580 --> 00:06:16,520 生产的话 hardly conduciveconducive 是有助于那么 78 00:06:16,520 --> 00:06:22,280 Hudley 表示否定就是无济于事没有什么用 in 79 00:06:22,660 --> 00:06:27,180 the 1750s a Swedish chemist named Carl or Carl 80 00:06:27,180 --> 00:06:31,720 Scheeledevised a way to manufacturephosphorus in 81 00:06:31,720 --> 00:06:35,820 bulkwith out the slope of smell of urine 后 82 00:06:36,140 --> 00:06:41,500 来呢瑞典的化学家 devised a waydevise means to design 83 00:06:41,500 --> 00:06:47,300 or invent a way 他设计了一种方式他发明了一种方式去 84 00:06:47,300 --> 00:06:52,140 manufacture phosphorus in bulk in bulk means in great 85 00:06:52,140 --> 00:06:57,420 amount 大量的生产大批量的生产这个磷 with out the 86 00:06:57,420 --> 00:07:03,620 slop or smell of urine 用不着跟又脏又臭的这个尿打交 87 00:07:03,620 --> 00:07:10,810 道就可以大量的生产磷 slop 这个词是指 splash 因为尿 88 00:07:10,810 --> 00:07:15,310 嘛就是泼过来溅过去的操作不大那么都扑到自己身上 89 00:07:15,310 --> 00:07:19,850 就这个 slop or smell 表示跟尿打交道那种非常不舒服 90 00:07:19,850 --> 00:07:26,530 的感觉两个词都是 s 开头的这是一种修辞手法叫做头 91 00:07:26,530 --> 00:07:30,790 韵 It was largely because of this mastery of phosphorus 92 00:07:30,790 --> 00:07: ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）