第6章 红牙利爪的科学 Science Red in Tooth and Claw · 第7讲S1

1. 讲稿里说卡斯帕·威斯特（Caspar Wistar）错过了成为巨齿象发现者的机会，这到底是因为他太笨没看出来，还是因为当时美国人和法国人之间有政治矛盾？
2. 理查德·欧文（Richard Owen）虽然发明了“恐龙”这个词，但讲稿里说他“偷取”了曼特尔的发掘成果，具体是指他做了什么坏事吗？
3. 讲稿里提到了“emigrate”和“immigrate”这两个词，既然都是移民的意思，我该怎么快速分清哪个是“移出”哪个是“移入”？
4. 为什么曼特尔（Mantell）扭曲的脊柱在博物馆展出了一百年后，被德国炸弹炸毁反而被描述为一种“仁慈”（mercifully obliterated）？
5. 为什么新西兰人要把原本叫“猕猴桃”的水果改名叫“奇异果”（Kiwi Fruit），这跟他们的国家象征鸟有什么关系？

1. The script says Caspar Wister missed the chance to be the discoverer of the mastodon. Was it because he was too stupid to realize its importance, or was it due to the political conflict between Americans and the French at that time?
2. Richard Owen coined the term 'dinosaur', but the script mentions he 'stole' Mantell's discoveries. What exactly did he do wrong?
3. The script mentions 'emigrate' and 'immigrate'. Since both mean to move to another country, how can I quickly tell which one means 'leaving' and which one means 'entering'?
4. Why was Mantell's twisted spine, which was displayed in the museum for nearly a century, described as 'mercifully obliterated' when it was destroyed by a German bomb?
5. Why did the New Zealanders change the name of the fruit from 'Chinese gooseberry' to 'Kiwi Fruit', and how does this relate to their national bird symbol?

1 00:00:11,050 --> 00:00:15,070 Hello everyone,this is the last lesson of chapter 6, 2 00:00:15,290 --> 00:00:19,150 so we'll take some time to go over what we have covered in 3 00:00:19,150 --> 00:00:20,750 this chapter.首先, 4 00:00:22,170 --> 00:00:25,790 卡斯巴威斯特遇到一个巨大的鸟轮, 5 00:00:26,130 --> 00:00:28,090 却无法看到它的重要性。 6 00:00:28,310 --> 00:00:31,430 他只是同意它是一个巨大的鸟轮, 7 00:00:31,930 --> 00:00:37,070 但他没有看到它是从未曾被说明的动物, 8 00:00:37,050 --> 00:00:41,810 因此他失去了机会成为鸟轮的发掘者。 9 00:00:42,590 --> 00:00:46,710 这很不一样,因为在那时候, 10 00:00:47,050 --> 00:00:51,330 Bouffont 和 Thomas Jefferson 之间有一个矛盾。 11 00:00:51,450 --> 00:00:56,610 Bouffont 从法国,相信新世界的动物, 12 00:00:56,590 --> 00:01:00,010 我意思是美国,是弱小的。 13 00:01:00,210 --> 00:01:03,390 Thomas Jefferson,是美国人, 14 00:01:03,910 --> 00:01:11,130 很怀疑这个理论,所以他尝试尝试找一些大鸟的骨头 15 00:01:11,110 --> 00:01:18,710 给 Buff on 展示,以证明美国的鸟类也能够大又强壮。 16 00:01:19,350 --> 00:01:25,470 所以这个大鸟的骨头对 C aspar Wister, 17 00:01:25,650 --> 00:01:27,630 也就是美国人的人来说, 18 00:01:27,610 --> 00:01:38,000 是比较不一样的。 19 00:01:38,460 --> 00:01:42,100 George Scoville 发现,在美国, 20 00:01:42,200 --> 00:01:46,720 没有人曾认为要写一个专业的描述这个巨大的怪物。 21 00:01:47,380 --> 00:01:50,520 他做到了,他写了一份专业的文章, 22 00:01:50,940 --> 00:01:54,960 他称之为 Mastod on 如齿象。 23 00:01:55,740 --> 00:01:58,760 因此,他成为了其正式的发掘者。 24 00:01:59,600 --> 00:02:02,360 然后,他也刺激了逃亡的理论。 25 00:02:17,670 --> 00:02:19,170 他发现了地层 26 00:02:20,450 --> 00:02:24,230 以及玛丽安宁,从海海里捕捉了巨大量的核物。 27 00:02:25,960 --> 00:02:29,240 基迪昂曼特尔,也是一个英国地医学家, 28 00:02:29,480 --> 00:02:34,220 发现了一个大猪的嘴,称之为 Iguanod on, 29 00:02:34,380 --> 00:02:37,820 是他第一次发现和称名的大猪。 30 00:02:38,520 --> 00:02:41,780 不幸的是,他无法发表他的文章, 31 00:02:41,840 --> 00:02:46,160 因为 William Buckland 也发现了一只大猪, 32 00:02:46,340 --> 00:02:48,160 而他的文章也被发表了。 33 00:02:48,160 --> 00:02:53,000 Richard Owen,also a British paleontologist, 34 00:02:53,120 --> 00:02:54,160 then 35 00:02:54,550 --> 00:02:58,370 a huge Iguanod on model was built in Palace Park, 36 00:02:58,590 --> 00:03:01,870 and a famous dinner was held inside the Iguanodon. 37 00:03:01,990 --> 00:03:04,970 But Mantell was not invited. 38 00:03:05,370 --> 00:03:08,930 The person at the head of the table was Richard Owen. 39 00:03:09,390 --> 00:03:14,510 Richard Owen coined the term dinosauria in 1841. 40 00:03:14,690 --> 00:03:18,930 That is how the term dinosaur came about.然后 41 00:03:20,400 --> 00:03:23,160 曼陀尔悲伤中受伤, 42 00:03:23,340 --> 00:03:26,960 后来欧文偷取了很多曼陀尔的发掘。 43 00:03:27,540 --> 00:03:32,520 欧文后来被移除了博物馆的博物馆。 44 00:03:33,160 --> 00:03:38,220 但欧文做了一件我们都需要感到感谢的事。 45 00:03:38,560 --> 00:03:41,280 他建立了在邻居中的自然史博物馆, 46 00:03:41,920 --> 00:03:43,280 并将其让公众接触。 47 00:03:44,180 --> 00:03:47,860 他让公众来到博物馆。 48 00:03:47,860 --> 00:03:51,520 Then two American paleont ologists, 49 00:03:51,800 --> 00:03:54,940 Marsh and Cope,they were in bitter competition. 50 00:03:55,340 --> 00:03:56,680 But between them, 51 00:03:56,800 --> 00:04:00,240 they increased the number of known dinosaur species in 52 00:04:00,240 --> 00:04:02,920 America from 9 to almost 150. 53 00:04:04,100 --> 00:04:06,560 Later,Cope died in poverty. 54 00:04:08,400 --> 00:04:10,880 As for the other players in this drama, 55 00:04:11,180 --> 00:04:13,420 Owen died in 1892, 56 00:04:13,800 --> 00:04:15,820 a few years before Cope or Marsh. 57 00:04:16,080 --> 00:04:18,300 Drama 是戏剧的意思。 58 00:04:18,300 --> 00:04:23,640 这些古生物学家们你中我都仿佛扇颜了一场大戏那这 59 00:04:23,640 --> 00:04:29,000 场大戏中的其他人结局又是怎么样的呢 Bugland ended 60 00:04:29,000 --> 00:04:33,020 up by losing his mind and finished his days a gibbering 61 00:04:33,020 --> 00:04:37,020 wreck in a lunatic asylum in Claphand not far from where 62 00:04:37,020 --> 00:04:40,800 Mantell had suffered his crippling accidentlosing 63 00:04:40,800 --> 00:04:46,400 his mind means going mad a gibbering wreckgibbering to 64 00:04:46,400 --> 00:04:50,020 gibber means to speak quickly in a way that is difficult 65 00:04:50,020 --> 00:04:54,200 to understand and a wreck usually means a car, 66 00:04:54,480 --> 00:04:57,320 plane or train that has been damaged very 67 00:04:57,320 --> 00:05:02,080 badlyespecially in a crash we have seen this word in our 68 00:05:02,080 --> 00:05:05,100 lessons before I remember showing you a picture of a 69 00:05:05,100 --> 00:05:10,500 shipwreck now Buckland had become a wreck it means he 70 00:05:10,500 --> 00:05:13,980 was badly ill In a lunatic asylum, 71 00:05:14,380 --> 00:05:17,580 lunatic,we learned this word in lesson one, 72 00:05:17,740 --> 00:05:20,420 lunatic means mad,疯子的, 73 00:05:20,500 --> 00:05:21,140 疯人的。 74 00:05:21,780 --> 00:05:25,900 An asylum is an institution for the care of people with 75 00:05:25,900 --> 00:05:26,880 mental problems. 76 00:05:27,540 --> 00:05:31,000 So a lunatic asylum is a mental hospital, 77 00:05:31,160 --> 00:05:32,620 就是疯人院。 78 00:05:32,820 --> 00:05:39,360 Buglan 最后疯了,在一所疯人院里面度过他的余生。 79 00:05:39,360 --> 00:05:45,500 整天嘴里边嘟嘟喃喃喋喋不休整个人不成人形这所分 80 00:05:45,500 --> 00:05:48,840 人院呢 Not far from where Mantell had suffered his 81 00:05:48,840 --> 00:05:49,780 crippling accident 82 00:05:50,320 --> 00:05:55,010 离 Mantell 发生车祸的那个位置倒是不远 Mantell's 83 00:05:55,010 --> 00:05:58,910 twisted spine remained on display at the Hunterian 84 00:05:58,910 --> 00:06:02,290 Museum for nearly a centurybefore being mercifully 85 00:06:02,290 --> 00:06:07,790 obliterated by a German bomb in the blizz Twisted spine 86 00:06:07,790 --> 00:06:13,490 前文说过 Mantel 在那次的 accident 中受了伤他的脊柱 87 00:06:13,490 --> 00:06:18,290 都被扭曲了死后他的这个扭曲的脊柱居然被放在 88 00:06:18,290 --> 00:06:24,250 Hantarian Museum 展出正好是由他的死对头欧文看管 89 00:06:24,250 --> 00:06:27,950 展出了一个世纪以后最后终于是 90 00:06:38,430 --> 00:06:45,050 最后被一枚德国的炸弹击中被摧毁了这对他来说反而 91 00:06:45,050 --> 00:06:49,750 是一种仁慈被仁慈地摧毁了因为他放在那里实际上是 92 00:06:49,750 --> 00:06:50,790 对 Mittell 的 93 00:06:51,430 --> 00:06:54,900 对他是一种侮辱好,那这个 blizz, 94 00:06:55,840 --> 00:07:00,640 blizz is shortened from a German word that means 95 00:07:00,640 --> ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）