第6章 红牙利爪的科学 Science Red in Tooth and Claw · 第6讲

1. 老师，讲稿里说 Owen 的竞争是 'petty rivalries'，这里的 'petty' 除了字面意思‘小的’，为什么老师解释成 'narrow minded'（心胸狭窄）和 'mean'（刻薄）呢？这两个词跟竞争有什么关系呀？
2. 文中提到美国的竞争是 'spectacularly venomous'，老师您说 'spectacularly' 是‘极其’，'venomous' 是‘充满恨意的’。那这里用 'spectacularly' 修饰 'venomous'，是不是在强调这种恨意不仅存在，而且表现得特别夸张、特别引人注目？
3. 讲稿里对比了 Cope 和 Marsh 两个人，说 Marsh 是 'bookish' 且 'poor in practical work'，而 Cope 是 'seldom very good at finding things' in the field。既然两个人在实际考察中都挺笨拙，那他们最后还能改变古生物学世界，靠的到底是什么呢？
4. 老师，您解释 'consume' 这个词时，说如果一种感觉 'consumes you'，意思是你无法思考其他事情。那 'consuming hatred'（吞噬一切的仇恨）是不是就是指这种仇恨完全占据了他们的脑子，让他们除了互相敌对之外什么都看不见了？
5. 最后讲稿提到 Marsh 虽然不会实地考察，但 'he had the means to buy almost anything he wanted'。这里的 'means' 是指‘手段’还是‘金钱’？为什么老师特意强调他有‘钱’这一点，这对后来他们之间的竞争有什么关键影响吗？

1. In the text, Owen's rivalry is described as 'petty'. Besides meaning 'small', why did the teacher explain it as 'narrow-minded' and 'mean'? How do these words relate to their competition?
2. The text describes the American rivalry as 'spectacularly venomous'. You said 'spectacularly' means 'extremely' and 'venomous' means 'full of hatred'. Does using 'spectacularly' here emphasize that this hatred was not just present, but also displayed in an exaggerated and eye-catching way?
3. The text contrasts Cope and Marsh, noting Marsh was 'bookish' and 'poor in practical work', while Cope was 'seldom very good at finding things' in the field. Since both were clumsy in actual fieldwork, what did they rely on to change the world of paleontology?
4. When explaining 'consume', you mentioned that if a feeling 'consumes you', it means you can't think of anything else. So, does 'consuming hatred' mean the hatred completely occupied their minds, making them unable to focus on anything but their mutual hostility?
5. Finally, the text mentions Marsh 'had the means to buy almost anything he wanted'. Does 'means' here refer to 'methods' or 'money'? Why did the teacher emphasize that he had 'money', and what key impact did this have on their subsequent rivalry?

1 00:00:00,880 --> 00:00:04,740 Our whole universe was in a hot dance State that nearly 2 00:00:04,740 --> 00:00:08,480 14 million years ago Expansion started way back here 3 00:00:08,480 --> 00:00:08,860 again 4 00:00:11,450 --> 00:00:12,410 Previously, 5 00:00:12,610 --> 00:00:15,010 we learned about Owen's persecution of other 6 00:00:15,010 --> 00:00:18,150 scientists,especially Mantell.So, 7 00:00:18,390 --> 00:00:21,530 it would be reasonable to suppose that Richard Owen's 8 00:00:21,530 --> 00:00:25,070 Petty Rivalriesmarked the low point of 19th century 9 00:00:25,070 --> 00:00:27,210 paleontology.But in fact, 10 00:00:27,290 --> 00:00:28,770 worse was to come, 11 00:00:28,850 --> 00:00:32,710 this time from overseas.Petty means small, 12 00:00:32,930 --> 00:00:36,410 and here in our sentence this means narrow minded, 13 00:00:36,670 --> 00:00:38,510 mean,and not generous. 14 00:00:39,110 --> 00:00:40,110 Marked? 15 00:00:40,110 --> 00:00:43,350 To mark means to show position, 16 00:00:43,670 --> 00:00:45,390 to show where something is, 17 00:00:45,570 --> 00:00:49,550 or to be a sign of an important stage in the development 18 00:00:49,550 --> 00:00:54,870 of something.我们完全有理由猜想欧文的那些不正当 19 00:00:54,870 --> 00:01:00,490 的竞争手段应该已经是 19 世纪古生物学历史上的最低 20 00:01:00,490 --> 00:01:04,370 点了吧已经是最糟糕的时刻吧 But in fact, 21 00:01:04,370 --> 00:01:08,790 worse was to come 可实际上更糟糕的事情还没有发生呢 22 00:01:08,790 --> 00:01:14,990 接下来的恶性竞争事件来自海外这里的 Overse as 指的 23 00:01:14,990 --> 00:01:18,610 是跟他们隔着大西洋的美国 In America, 24 00:01:18,830 --> 00:01:20,830 in the closing decades of the century, 25 00:01:21,010 --> 00:01:24,570 there arose a rivalry even more spectacularly 26 00:01:24,570 --> 00:01:26,790 venomous,if not quite as destructive. 27 00:01:27,650 --> 00:01:29,930 In the closing decades of the century, 28 00:01:30,130 --> 00:01:32,730 the century means 19th century. 29 00:01:32,870 --> 00:01:35,790 The closing decades means the last few decades, 30 00:01:36,170 --> 00:01:37,730 because after these decades, 31 00:01:37,950 --> 00:01:40,010 the 19th century will be over, 32 00:01:40,150 --> 00:01:44,410 and a new century will start.There arose a rivalry, 33 00:01:44,690 --> 00:01:48,610 even more spectacularly venomous.Spectacularly, 34 00:01:48,610 --> 00:01:51,270 I guess you've learned this word spectacle. 35 00:01:51,850 --> 00:01:55,550 A spectacle means an impressive show or an impressive 36 00:01:55,550 --> 00:01:56,250 scene. 37 00:01:56,490 --> 00:02:01,470 So spectacular means impressive or sensational or 38 00:02:01,470 --> 00:02:02,150 great. 39 00:02:02,430 --> 00:02:03,590 For example, 40 00:02:03,750 --> 00:02:08,470 a spectacular increase in spending means a great 41 00:02:08,470 --> 00:02:11,210 increase in spending.Therefore, 42 00:02:11,350 --> 00:02:14,870 spectacularly means extremely or greatly. 43 00:02:15,730 --> 00:02:18,010 Venomous.First of all, 44 00:02:18,070 --> 00:02:19,870 you need to learn this word venom. 45 00:02:20,230 --> 00:02:22,610 There are two meanings.The first, 46 00:02:22,770 --> 00:02:27,350 venom means a liquid poison that some snakes or insects 47 00:02:27,350 --> 00:02:29,450 produce when they bite or sting you. 48 00:02:30,110 --> 00:02:30,810 Second, 49 00:02:30,910 --> 00:02:34,890 it means great anger or great hatred.Therefore, 50 00:02:34,930 --> 00:02:37,370 venomous means poisonous, 51 00:02:37,710 --> 00:02:41,350 like a venomous snake,meaning a poisonous snake, 52 00:02:41,570 --> 00:02:46,310 or full of hatred,or full of anger.In this sentence, 53 00:02:46,350 --> 00:02:48,570 it means full of anger or full of hatred. 54 00:02:48,950 --> 00:02:54,330 You can see from the use of more and as that there are two 55 00:02:54,330 --> 00:02:56,490 things being compared here. 56 00:02:56,830 --> 00:02:59,770 One is the petty rivalries of Owen, 57 00:03:00,050 --> 00:03:03,170 and the other is the venomous rivalry in America. 58 00:03:03,510 --> 00:03:08,790 发生在美国的这个恶性竞争的事件跟前面说的这个欧 59 00:03:08,790 --> 00:03:14,190 文的事件比起来或许破坏力不及前者破坏力会差一点 60 00:03:14,190 --> 00:03:19,530 但是他们用的手段绝对是更为恶劣这个事情的恶性程 61 00:03:19,530 --> 00:03:23,870 度是要更强 It was between two strange and ruthless men 62 00:03:23,870 --> 00:03:28,690 Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh 它发生 63 00:03:28,690 --> 00:03:33,750 在两个心情古怪的残忍无情的男士之间 They 64 00:03:34,520 --> 00:03:38,900 had much in common 他们之间有很多的共同点 Both were 65 00:03:38,900 --> 00:03:41,340 spoiled,driven,self centered, 66 00:03:41,520 --> 00:03:42,640 quarrel some,jealous, 67 00:03:43,000 --> 00:03:46,520 mistrustful and ever unhappy To 68 00:03:47,290 --> 00:03:50,950 spoil means to give a child everything they want or let 69 00:03:50,950 --> 00:03:54,370 them do whatever they want often with the result that 70 00:03:54,370 --> 00:03:56,430 they behave badly For example, 71 00:03:56,610 --> 00:03:57,970 she is an only child, 72 00:03:58,310 --> 00:04:02,770 but her parents didn't really spoil her 她虽然是个独 73 00:04:02,770 --> 00:04:05,490 生女,但是父母并没有把她宠坏了。 74 00:04:06,110 --> 00:04:07,210 And driven, 75 00:04:07,490 --> 00:04:12,310 you need to know that the drive here is not the drive as in 76 00:04:12,310 --> 00:04:13,510 driving a car. 77 00:04:13,690 --> 00:04:18,130 To drive here means to force an animal or person to go 78 00:04:18,130 --> 00:04:20,870 somewhere,to go forward.Therefore, 79 00:04:21,010 --> 00:04:26,070 people who are driven try extremely hard to achieve 80 00:04:26,070 --> 00:04:29,310 what they want,as if someone is driving them from 81 00:04:29,310 --> 00:04:34,030 behind 好像有人在后面驱使驱赶着他们一样他们对想 82 00:04:34,030 --> 00:04:38,830 要的东西是志在必得而且不惜付出很大的努力 83 00:04:38,830 --> 00:04:44,790 mistrust means to not trust someoneespecially 84 00:04:44,790 --> 00:04:47,830 because you think they may treat you unfairly or 85 00:04:47,830 --> 00:04:48,810 dishonestly 86 00:04:49,370 --> 00:04:53,350 therefore mistrusting means suspicious means ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）