第6章 红牙利爪的科学 Science Red in Tooth and Claw · 第6讲S3

1. 讲稿里说 Marsh 觉得被 'affront' 了，这个词字面意思是‘打脸’，但在描述他们关系恶化时，具体是指哪种行为让他觉得受到了侮辱？
2. 文中提到 'erupt' 原本指火山爆发，后来引申为 Marsh 和 Cope 的矛盾爆发。为什么用 'erupt' 而不用普通的 'start' 或 'begin' 来形容这种冲突？
3. 'stoop to something' 在文中用来形容他们互相投掷石块、撬箱子等行为。这个词通常带有什么样的感情色彩？它暗示了这些科学家当时的状态是怎样的？
4. 为什么文中说科学竟然是在 'animosity'（仇恨）的驱动下突飞猛进的？这种‘因为讨厌对方所以拼命做研究’的心理机制是怎么起作用的？
5. 虽然 Marsh 和 Cope 的争斗很荒谬，但结果却是恐龙种类从9种激增到150种。如果是你，你会如何评价这种‘恶意的合作’对科学进步的影响？

1. The transcript says Marsh felt 'affronted.' Since the literal meaning is 'hit in the face,' what specific actions by Cope made Marsh feel so insulted?
2. The text uses 'erupt' to describe the conflict between Marsh and Cope, originally meaning a volcano explosion. Why is 'erupt' used here instead of simple words like 'start' or 'begin'?
3. 'Stoop to something' is used to describe their behavior of throwing rocks and prying open crates. What kind of emotional tone does this phrase carry, and what does it imply about the scientists' state of mind?
4. Why does the text say science advanced swiftly due to 'animosity'? How does the psychological mechanism of 'rivalry-driven research' actually work?
5. Although their rivalry was ridiculous, the number of known dinosaur species jumped from 9 to 150. How would you evaluate the impact of this 'hostile cooperation' on scientific progress?

1 00:00:05,040 --> 00:00:06,520 For a decade or so, 2 00:00:06,720 --> 00:00:10,480 Marsh and Cope's mutual dislike primarily took the 3 00:00:10,480 --> 00:00:14,100 form of quiet sniping,but in 1877, 4 00:00:14,420 --> 00:00:17,140 it erupted into grandiose dimensions. 5 00:00:18,210 --> 00:00:24,110 To snipe means to shoot someone from a hidden position, 6 00:00:24,510 --> 00:00:25,330 and 7 00:00:25,430 --> 00:00:30,230 it also means to criticize someone in a nasty way.在 8 00:00:30,260 --> 00:00:32,100 最初的十年时间里边, 9 00:00:32,140 --> 00:00:36,000 这两个人之间基本上就是互相放冷枪, 10 00:00:36,120 --> 00:00:38,220 互相放冷箭,重伤对方, 11 00:00:38,300 --> 00:00:39,160 互相攻击。 12 00:00:39,460 --> 00:00:45,400 But in 1877,it erupted into grandiose dimensions. 13 00:00:46,100 --> 00:00:51,660 If a volcano erupts,it explodes and sends smoke, 14 00:00:51,720 --> 00:00:56,780 fire and rock into the sky.but erupt also means to break 15 00:00:56,780 --> 00:01:00,840 up suddenly and with great force for example I was 16 00:01:00,840 --> 00:01:04,940 afraid that my mom would erupt in anger when I showed her 17 00:01:04,940 --> 00:01:09,240 my test papers and here in this sentence to erupt means 18 00:01:09,240 --> 00:01:15,020 to suddenly become intense and violent and to suddenly 19 00:01:15,020 --> 00:01:19,860 explode into grandiose dimensionsgrand iose as you 20 00:01:19,860 --> 00:01:21,880 can see that grand means great Great, 21 00:01:22,140 --> 00:01:24,260 the grandiose means great, 22 00:01:24,600 --> 00:01:26,560 impressive,and imposing. 23 00:01:27,460 --> 00:01:31,120 Dimensions or dimensions means size, 24 00:01:31,320 --> 00:01:32,720 sizes,or volumes. 25 00:01:33,480 --> 00:01:37,580 到了 1877 年,他们之间的恶意突然就爆发起来了。 26 00:01:37,840 --> 00:01:38,860 In that year, 27 00:01:39,000 --> 00:01:42,800 a Colorado school teacher named Arthur Leaks found 28 00:01:42,800 --> 00:01:46,480 bones near Morrison while out hiking with a friend. 29 00:01:46,480 --> 00:01:51,740 hiking means taking a walk in the forest or out in the 30 00:01:51,740 --> 00:01:56,240 country for pleasurerecognizing the bones as coming 31 00:01:56,240 --> 00:01:59,380 from a gigantic saurian Lakes thoughtfully 32 00:01:59,380 --> 00:02:03,440 dispatched some samples to both marsh and cope to 33 00:02:04,280 --> 00:02:09,320 dispatch means to send he sent some samples to marsh and 34 00:02:09,320 --> 00:02:13,100 copethoughtful means well planned and carefully 35 00:02:13,100 --> 00:02:17,780 thought about 考虑得十分周全的这位 Lakes 他发现了 36 00:02:17,780 --> 00:02:23,080 化石以后并没有擅自处置而是把样本寄给了两位古生 37 00:02:23,080 --> 00:02:27,920 物学家这个是考虑得十分周到 A delighted Cope sent 38 00:02:27,920 --> 00:02:31,600 Lakes a hundred dollars for his trouble and asked him 39 00:02:31,600 --> 00:02:33,720 not to tell anyone of his discovery, 40 00:02:34,020 --> 00:02:39,440 especially Marsh Cope was very happy He sent Lakes a 41 00:02:39,440 --> 00:02:44,620 hundred dollars for his trouble 感谢他的辛劳也就是 42 00:02:44,620 --> 00:02:49,620 作为辛苦费但是这一百块钱不仅仅是做辛苦费还 43 00:02:49,620 --> 00:02:52,200 asked him not to tell anyone of his 44 00:02:52,200 --> 00:02:57,000 discoveryespecially Marsh 所以这同时也是封口费 45 00:02:57,000 --> 00:03:02,760 confused Lakes now asked Marsh to pass the bones on to 46 00:03:02,760 --> 00:03:06,920 Cope to be confused means to be unable to understand 47 00:03:06,920 --> 00:03:10,840 thingsunable to understand what is happening or what 48 00:03:10,840 --> 00:03:13,480 someone said So he did not know, 49 00:03:13,720 --> 00:03:17,680 he wasn't very sure as to what to do nextbecause he had 50 00:03:17,680 --> 00:03:22,740 already dispatched some samples to Marsh And so Lakes 51 00:03:22,740 --> 00:03:26,800 now asked Marsh to pass the bones on to Cope 他叫 Marsh 把 52 00:03:26,800 --> 00:03:29,760 骨头转交给 Cope Marsh did so, 53 00:03:29,940 --> 00:03:34,800 Marsh 倒是还配合地交过去了 But it was an affront that 54 00:03:34,800 --> 00:03:37,640 he would never forget Affront, 55 00:03:37,840 --> 00:03:42,500 the Latin word affront means to hit in the face 这个词是 56 00:03:42,500 --> 00:03:47,500 从拉丁文来的在拉丁文中它的意思就是打脸 So it 57 00:03:47,500 --> 00:03:51,360 means to offend or insult someoneespecially by not 58 00:03:51,360 --> 00:03:52,120 showing respect 59 00:03:52,640 --> 00:03:56,760 to insult someone especially opening And you can read 60 00:03:56,760 --> 00:03:59,560 these two examples to understand these words better 61 00:03:59,560 --> 00:04:04,790 Marsh 这次受到了这种公然的挑战公然的冒犯他一辈 62 00:04:04,790 --> 00:04:06,670 子都不会忘记 It 63 00:04:07,370 --> 00:04:10,670 also marked the start of a war between the two That 64 00:04:10,670 --> 00:04:12,610 became increasingly bitter, 65 00:04:12,870 --> 00:04:18,290 underhand and often ridiculous 这三个形容词都是修 66 00:04:18,290 --> 00:04:23,450 士 A war between the two 他们两个人之间的争斗 Bitter 67 00:04:23,450 --> 00:04:28,170 并不是痛苦的意思 A bitter war or a bitter argument is 68 00:04:28,170 --> 00:04:32,130 one in which people oppose or criticize each otherwith 69 00:04:32,130 --> 00:04:35,890 strong feelings of hatred or anger 这里 70 00:04:36,210 --> 00:04:41,210 就可以理解为激烈 underhand means dishonest and done 71 00:04:41,210 --> 00:04:47,710 secretlysneaky 就是采取一些见不得人的手段阴险的 72 00:04:47,710 --> 00:04:51,910 手段 and often ridiculous 有时候看起来还相当的荒谬 73 00:04:51,910 --> 00:04:55,230 可笑 they sometimes stooped to one team's 74 00:04:55,230 --> 00:04:59,510 diggersthrowing rocks at the other teams to stoop to 75 00:04:59,510 --> 00:05:03,790 something means to lower yourself to a certain level to 76 00:05:03,790 --> 00:05:07,350 do something bad or morally wrongwhich you do not 77 00:05:07,350 --> 00:05:11,950 normally do 就是去做一些自己原先都不屑去做的事情 78 00:05:11,950 --> 00:05:16,850 大家不要觉得两位科学家之间的争斗应该是高水准的 79 00:05:16,850 --> 00:05:21,030 有的时候也是 ridiculous 也是荒谬可笑水准也是相当 80 00:05:21,030 --> 00:05:25,670 低的有的时候他们的争斗甚至低级到了什么程度呢是 81 00:05:25,670 --> 00:05:30,210 其中一个队的挖掘工人向另外一个队的挖掘工人投掷 82 00:05:30,210 --> 00:05:35,780 十块 Cope was caught at on ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）