第6章 红牙利爪的科学 Science Red in Tooth and Claw · 第5讲S4

1. 讲稿里说欧文后半生的事业是'unexceptionable'，这个词和咱们熟悉的'exceptional'（非凡的）长得太像了，到底啥意思？为啥国内译本会翻错呢？
2. 文中提到欧文是伦敦自然历史博物馆的'driving force'，这里的drive不是开车的意思吧？它原本是指赶动物，那用在这儿具体指什么力量？
3. 讲稿对比了哥特式教堂和中国寺庙，说教堂拼命往高处建，寺庙则俯身拥抱大地。这种建筑风格的差异背后，反映了中西方在文化或信仰上啥不同？
4. 以前去大英博物馆参观还得写书面申请加面试，这门槛也太高了。为啥那时候博物馆只给'elite'（精英）阶层看，普通人连'prospective visitor'（潜在访客）都难当？
5. 老师提到'education'强调知识技能，而'edification'强调道德智慧启发。现在博物馆从只给精英看变成大众科普，这种转变对'education'和'edification'的影响有啥区别？

1. The transcript says Owen's later work was 'unexceptionable', which looks a lot like 'exceptional' (extraordinary). What does it actually mean, and why did the Chinese translator get it wrong?
2. In the text, Owen is described as the 'driving force' behind the museum. I know 'drive' isn't about driving a car here; it originally refers to herding animals. What specific kind of force does it mean in this context?
3. The lecture contrasts Gothic churches, which build high to get closer to God, with Chinese temples that embrace the earth. What does this architectural difference reveal about cultural or religious differences between the East and West?
4. Visitors to the British Museum used to have to submit written applications and undergo interviews. Why was the museum so exclusive to the 'elite' class back then, making it so hard for ordinary people to even be 'prospective visitors'?
5. You mentioned that 'education' focuses on knowledge and skills, while 'edification' emphasizes moral and intellectual enlightenment. How does the shift from an elite-only museum to a public one impact 'education' versus 'edification'?

1 00:00:04,940 --> 00:00:08,780 Eventually Huxley managed to do to Owen what Owen had 2 00:00:08,780 --> 00:00:09,920 done to so many others, 3 00:00:10,200 --> 00:00:13,780 he had him voted off the councils of the zoological and 4 00:00:13,780 --> 00:00:14,620 royal societies, 5 00:00:15,040 --> 00:00:20,060 到最后赫什利终于得以以其人之道还治其人之身, 6 00:00:20,160 --> 00:00:22,760 he had him voted off the councils, 7 00:00:23,080 --> 00:00:26,880 voted off 就是前文所说的 blackboard, 8 00:00:27,100 --> 00:00:28,340 投反对票。 9 00:00:28,880 --> 00:00:34,420 他通过投反对票的方式把欧文从动物学会和皇家学会 10 00:00:34,420 --> 00:00:36,260 的理事会中赶了出去 11 00:00:44,180 --> 00:00:49,460 对欧文的最后一项惩罚最后一项侮辱便是赫西里成为 12 00:00:49,460 --> 00:00:52,780 了新一任的皇家医学院的亨特教授 13 00:00:53,480 --> 00:00:57,740 这个亨特教授类似于我之前跟大家提过的 Luc asian 14 00:00:57,740 --> 00:00:58,060 Professor 15 00:00:58,760 --> 00:01:02,740 卢卡斯教授是一个时期只有一个人担任的 16 00:01:03,220 --> 00:01:06,780 The Royal College of Surgeons 这个机构已经出现过很 17 00:01:06,780 --> 00:01:12,580 多次了这是英联邦国家设立的专业的机构跟普通意义 18 00:01:12,580 --> 00:01:15,160 上的大学或者学院是有所不同的 19 00:01:15,660 --> 00:01:21,860 它的功能是制定外科医师的培训制度课程体系设置外 20 00:01:21,860 --> 00:01:25,320 科医师资格考试开展学术交流等 21 00:01:37,020 --> 00:01:40,000 欧文再也没有做什么重要的研究 22 00:01:44,370 --> 00:01:50,290 但他职业生涯的后面一半奉献给了一项无可指摘的事 23 00:01:50,290 --> 00:01:50,650 业 24 00:01:51,590 --> 00:01:56,990 他之前做的很多事情都是让人可以指摘也就是让人批 25 00:01:56,990 --> 00:02:01,290 评的但是这件事你却没有什么可说的 For which we can 26 00:02:01,290 --> 00:02:05,960 all be grateful 而且对他所做的这些事我们现在都可 27 00:02:05,960 --> 00:02:10,910 以感到感激我们现在再仔细地看一下这个词大家一定 28 00:02:10,910 --> 00:02:15,710 会先注意到这里面的 except 我们对这个词很熟悉它是 29 00:02:15,710 --> 00:02:21,570 借词 The office is open every day except Sundays 除了是 30 00:02:21,570 --> 00:02:25,570 这个意思它的形容词可能也有一些朋友会知道 31 00:02:25,570 --> 00:02:30,050 exceptional it means unusually good for 32 00:02:30,080 --> 00:02:35,520 exampleexceptional memory 非凡的记忆力非同寻常的 33 00:02:35,520 --> 00:02:36,540 但是 34 00:02:36,830 --> 00:02:41,610 except 另外一个意思作为动词这个意思知道的人就很 35 00:02:41,610 --> 00:02:46,490 少因为这个意思很少见在词典里边它会写着一个 rare 36 00:02:46,490 --> 00:02:48,990 指的是罕见它的 37 00:02:49,380 --> 00:02:54,440 意思是反对比如 counsel Accepted to the court's 38 00:02:54,440 --> 00:03:00,420 ruling 律师反对法院的裁决而这个 accept 它相应的形 39 00:03:00,420 --> 00:03:04,820 容词是 exceptionable 大家仔细看一下不是 40 00:03:04,820 --> 00:03:09,860 exceptional 而是 exceptionable It means open to 41 00:03:09,860 --> 00:03:14,920 objection or debate 可以让人提出反对意见的可以供 42 00:03:14,920 --> 00:03:19,440 人辩论的可以让人去批评去反对的那 43 00:03:19,690 --> 00:03:23,990 现在这个 unexceptionable 就是由这个 exceptionable 44 00:03:23,990 --> 00:03:28,890 前面加了 un 形成的因此它的意思是无可指摘的 45 00:03:29,410 --> 00:03:33,670 我特意看了一下我们国内出版的中文译本这个地方它 46 00:03:33,670 --> 00:03:38,470 是翻译成了非同寻常可见译者就把这个词看错了它看 47 00:03:38,470 --> 00:03:40,590 成了 exceptional in 48 00:03:41,870 --> 00:03:45,810 1856 he became head of the natural history section of 49 00:03:45,810 --> 00:03:49,530 the British Museum in which capacity he became the 50 00:03:49,530 --> 00:03:52,250 driving forcebehind the creation of London's natural 51 00:03:52,250 --> 00:03:56,830 history museumsection 是部分的意思 British Museum 52 00:03:56,830 --> 00:04:00,330 非常大分为好几个 section 其中一个是 natural 53 00:04:00,330 --> 00:04:04,430 history section 而他就是负责人 in which 54 00:04:04,430 --> 00:04:08,630 capacitycapacity means position or job He became the 55 00:04:08,630 --> 00:04:11,410 driving force behind the creation of London's Natural 56 00:04:11,410 --> 00:04:13,430 History Museumdriving force 57 00:04:13,670 --> 00:04:17,830 大家看到这个 driving 一定马上想到驾驶其实这里这 58 00:04:17,830 --> 00:04:21,350 个 driving 并不是驾驶车辆的意思 drive 59 00:04:21,390 --> 00:04:26,870 它原始的意思是指站在动物的后面拿鞭子或者树枝抽 60 00:04:26,870 --> 00:04:28,850 打动物把它往前面赶 61 00:04:28,930 --> 00:04:33,370 让它们往前走所以这里的 driving force 可以理解为是 62 00:04:33,370 --> 00:04:35,190 驱动力推动力量 63 00:04:35,820 --> 00:04:41,040 1856 年,欧文成了英国博物馆的自然历史部的负责人 64 00:04:41,560 --> 00:04:42,960 在这个职位上, 65 00:04:43,120 --> 00:04:47,480 他成了伦敦自然历史博物馆建馆的主要的推动力量 66 00:04:47,480 --> 00:04:51,720 The Grand and Beloved Gothic Heap in South Kensington 67 00:04:51,720 --> 00:04:53,940 Opened in 1880, 68 00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:58,640 is almost entirely a testament to his vision Beloved 是 69 00:04:58,640 --> 00:05:02,800 受众人喜爱的 Gothic 是建筑风格, 70 00:05:02,880 --> 00:05:07,540 歌特式的 Heap 本来指的是一堆的东西因为这是一个建 71 00:05:07,540 --> 00:05:11,680 筑群所以叫 Gothic Heap 也就是哥特式建筑群 72 00:05:12,920 --> 00:05:17,880 Vision 这个词我们之前有见过是视野这里是一个隐身 73 00:05:17,880 --> 00:05:24,020 意也就是它的远见它的广阔的视野它的眼光博 74 00:05:24,050 --> 00:05:31,090 物馆于 1880 年建成这座坐落在伦敦的南肯新顿区的哥 75 00:05:31,090 --> 00:05:37,510 特式建筑群即受世人所喜爱这几乎是欧文远大眼光的 76 00:05:37,510 --> 00:05:37,970 见证 77 00:05:38,580 --> 00:05:43,380 我们现在再介绍一下 Gothic 这是什么样的一种建筑风 78 00:05:43,380 --> 00:05:43,640 格 79 00:05:45,740 --> 00:05:51,160 这就是欧文所建立的那个自然历史博物馆的外观哥特 80 00:05:51,160 --> 00:05:56,280 式建筑流行于欧洲的中世纪主要是一些教堂采用这样 81 00:05:56,280 --> 00:05:56,880 的风格 82 00:05:58,230 --> 00:06:03,850 到文艺复兴的时候就慢慢消失了但是到 19 世纪又重新 83 00:06:03,850 --> 00:06:08,610 兴起前面说的那个博物馆就是 19 世纪的哥特式建筑 84 00:06:09,300 --> 00:06:14,900 那哥特式建筑有几个特点一就是高塔经常都有许多这 85 00:06:14,900 --> 00:06:15,520 样的高塔 86 00:06:16,600 --> 00:06:22,760 还有是尖拱这个尖拱是相对于圆拱的也就是这个拱门 87 00:06:22,760 --> 00:06:28,440 不是圆形的而是尖尖的那这种形状使得整座建筑视觉 88 00:06:28,440 --> 00:06:33,700 上看起来更高一些外观上还有一个特点就是这种 89 00:06:34,280 --> 00:06:39,800 镂空的石头雕花像这里都可以看出来一般是在玻璃上 90 00:06:39,800 --> 00:06:44,700 有这种镂空的石头雕花那为了把这个塔建得更高他们 91 00:06:44,700 --> 00:06:47,520 还会有一些这种护拱这个 92 00:06:47,750 --> 00:06:54,090 支撑使得塔可以建得更高一些这是外观里边看呢是这 93 00:06:54,090 --> 00:06:54,470 样的 94 00:06:55,170 --> 00:07:00,930 一个特点就是肋骨形状的穹顶还有就是花窗玻璃 95 00:07:01,010 --> 00:07:06,050 彩色玻璃这上面往往都画着圣经的故事我们再看看哥 96 00:07:06,050 --> 00:07:11,090 特式的教堂是多么的高大雄伟你看人就这么小把哥特 97 00:07:11,090 --> 00:07:14,950 式教堂跟中国的寺庙加以对比我觉得很有意思 98 00:07:15,510 --> 00:07:20,990 因为哥特式教堂是拼命地往高处建拼命地建得越高越 99 00:07:20,990 --> 00:07:26,850 好努力地往高处觉得越往高处就离上帝越近离天堂越 100 00:07:26,850 --> 00:07:27,130 近 101 00:07:27,710 --> 0 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）