第6章 红牙利爪的科学 Science Red in Tooth and Claw · 第5讲S2

1. 讲稿里提到欧文把别人的发现据为己有，用了 'take credit for' 这个短语，那如果我想表达'抢功'或者'窃取成果'，除了这个词组，还有什么更地道的说法吗？
2. 关于 'blackball' 这个词，讲稿解释了是因为投票用黑球，那在现代英语中，如果我想说某人被'排挤'或'列入黑名单'，还能用 blackball 吗？还是说它只局限于投票场景？
3. 讲稿里说欧文利用曼特尔身体虚弱（feeble state）的机会去抹杀他的贡献，用了 'capitalizing on'。我想问，'capitalize on' 和 'take advantage of' 在感情色彩上有什么区别？是不是 capitalize on 更中性一点？
4. 为什么讲稿里说罗伯特·格兰特（Robert Grant）唯一的'罪过'（crime）是'充满潜力'（showed promise）？这里的 crime 为什么加引号，它和普通的 mistake 有什么区别？
5. 欧文对曼特尔的迫害导致了曼特尔悲惨的结局，讲稿用了 'unkindly attentions' 这种反讽的说法。这种用褒义词表达贬义含义的修辞手法，在英语文学中常见吗？有没有其他类似的例子？

1. The transcript mentions Owen taking credit for others' discoveries using the phrase 'take credit for'. If I want to express 'stealing credit' or 'plagiarizing achievements', are there any other more idiomatic expressions besides this phrase?
2. Regarding the word 'blackball', the transcript explains it comes from voting with black balls. In modern English, if I want to say someone is 'excluded' or 'blacklisted', can I still use 'blackball', or is it limited to voting scenarios?
3. The transcript says Owen used Mantell's feeble state to erase his contributions, using the phrase 'capitalizing on'. I want to ask, what is the difference in tone between 'capitalize on' and 'take advantage of'? Is 'capitalize on' more neutral?
4. Why does the transcript say Robert Grant's only 'crime' was 'showing promise'? Why are quotation marks used around 'crime' here, and how is it different from a regular 'mistake'?
5. Owen's persecution led to Mantell's tragic end, and the transcript uses the ironic phrase 'unkindly attentions'. Is this rhetorical device of using positive words to convey negative meanings common in English literature? Are there other similar examples?

1 00:00:06,490 --> 00:00:08,810 Barring how Churchill had made such an elemental 2 00:00:08,810 --> 00:00:09,350 error, 3 00:00:09,530 --> 00:00:12,930 he was told that the information had been provided to 4 00:00:12,930 --> 00:00:14,530 them by Dr.Owen himself 5 00:00:15,170 --> 00:00:19,490 Churchill 就是指刚才出版一介名人录的那家机构, 6 00:00:19,570 --> 00:00:23,790 并不是英国首相丘吉尔 Inquiry means asking 7 00:00:23,790 --> 00:00:24,290 questions 8 00:00:24,990 --> 00:00:27,270 赫胥黎就去询问这家机构, 9 00:00:27,370 --> 00:00:30,070 说你们怎么闹出这样的乌龙, 10 00:00:30,190 --> 00:00:32,250 怎么犯这样的初级的、 11 00:00:32,290 --> 00:00:37,690 低级的错误结果人家告诉他这就是根据欧文医生本人 12 00:00:37,690 --> 00:00:42,590 所提供的信息登录上去的可见这确实是 bare faced 13 00:00:42,590 --> 00:00:47,510 dishonesty 非常的无耻 A fellow naturalist named Hugh 14 00:00:47,510 --> 00:00:51,430 Falconer meanwhile caught Owen taking credit for one 15 00:00:51,430 --> 00:00:55,690 of his discoveries To catch somebody doing something 16 00:00:55,690 --> 00:00:59,210 means to find or discover somebody doing 17 00:00:59,210 --> 00:01:02,650 somethingespecially something wrong take 18 00:01:02,780 --> 00:01:07,600 credit for 就是把公毛归给自己这个我们见过很多次 19 00:01:07,600 --> 00:01:13,320 了 credit 这个词另一位名叫 Hugh Faulkner 的博物学家 20 00:01:13,320 --> 00:01:19,200 他就逮到欧文把他的一些发现归功到自己头上 others 21 00:01:19,200 --> 00:01:21,800 accused him of borrowing specimens 22 00:01:22,340 --> 00:01:25,700 then denying he had done so to 23 00:01:26,210 --> 00:01:31,090 accuse somebody of something means to declare that you 24 00:01:31,090 --> 00:01:33,810 believe someone is guilty of a crime, 25 00:01:33,970 --> 00:01:36,010 or has done something bad, 26 00:01:36,230 --> 00:01:37,430 就是指控。 27 00:01:37,570 --> 00:01:42,290 还有一些人指控欧文,说他经常借用一些标本, 28 00:01:42,410 --> 00:01:46,930 然后又否认自己借过,也就是就不还了, 29 00:01:46,950 --> 00:01:47,810 说我没借。 30 00:01:48,200 --> 00:01:52,320 Owen even fell into a bitter dispute with a Queens 31 00:01:52,320 --> 00:01:55,880 dentist over the credit for a theory concerning the 32 00:01:55,880 --> 00:01:57,240 physiology of teeth. 33 00:01:58,020 --> 00:02:01,000 A dispute means a serious argument, 34 00:02:01,380 --> 00:02:02,200 a disagreement 35 00:02:03,140 --> 00:02:09,100 欧文甚至为了争夺一项有关牙齿生理理论的功劳跟这 36 00:02:09,100 --> 00:02:13,340 个女王的御用牙医争吵不休吵 37 00:02:13,630 --> 00:02:15,930 得非常的激烈 A bitter dispute 38 00:02:16,910 --> 00:02:21,090 He did not hesitate to persecute those whom he disliked 39 00:02:21,090 --> 00:02:24,870 To persecute someone means to treat someone cruelly 40 00:02:24,870 --> 00:02:29,550 and unfairly over a long period of time 他迫害起自己不 41 00:02:29,550 --> 00:02:32,130 喜欢的人来,是丝毫不手软, 42 00:02:32,250 --> 00:02:35,450 he did not hesitate,he means he had no scruples, 43 00:02:35,590 --> 00:02:37,950 就跟前面说的那样,had no scruples, 44 00:02:38,090 --> 00:02:39,010 毫不犹豫。 45 00:02:39,270 --> 00:02:40,930 Early in his career, 46 00:02:41,130 --> 00:02:45,130 Owen used his influence at the Zoological Society to 47 00:02:45,130 --> 00:02:47,990 blackball a young man named Robert Grund, 48 00:02:48,310 --> 00:02:52,210 whose only crime was to have shown promise as a fellow 49 00:02:52,210 --> 00:02:57,130 anatomist.To blackball someone means to vote against 50 00:02:57,130 --> 00:03:01,730 someoneespecially so that they cannot join a club 就是 51 00:03:01,730 --> 00:03:06,490 投反对票使得对方不能够进入某一个俱乐部或者某一 52 00:03:06,490 --> 00:03:10,730 个协会那为什么投反对票会是 blackball 53 00:03:11,390 --> 00:03:16,830 这是当时的一种不记名投票的方式如果有新人要加入 54 00:03:16,830 --> 00:03:21,760 俱乐部或者协会的话那协会的正式成员每个人手里都 55 00:03:21,760 --> 00:03:27,230 有两个球一个黑球一个白球如果同意加入就把这个白 56 00:03:27,230 --> 00:03:32,130 球放在这个洞里边如果不同意就放黑球到最后把抽屉 57 00:03:32,130 --> 00:03:37,350 拉开一看就可以看到有多少人投了黑球多少是白球早 58 00:03:37,350 --> 00:03:44,050 年欧文就利用自己在动物学会的影响力排挤一个名叫 59 00:03:44,050 --> 00:03:48,530 Robert Grant 的年轻人那这位年轻人到底是什么人为 60 00:03:48,530 --> 00:03:52,930 什么会让他这么恨呢 Whose only crime was to have shown 61 00:03:52,930 --> 00:03:57,850 promise as a fellow anatomist Promise means signs that 62 00:03:57,850 --> 00:04:00,950 someone will be successful For example, 63 00:04:01,110 --> 00:04:06,010 a young man full of promise 就是指充满前途的、 64 00:04:06,070 --> 00:04:12,770 充满潜力的年轻人而这个词也可以后面加上 ing 变成 65 00:04:12,770 --> 00:04:18,610 promising 变成形容词 A promising young man 一个潜力 66 00:04:18,610 --> 00:04:22,470 无限的年轻人一个充满前途的年轻人那 67 00:04:22,720 --> 00:04:28,200 这位 Robert Grant 他唯一的罪过就是他显示出了成为 68 00:04:28,200 --> 00:04:33,140 一个优秀的解剖学家的潜力 an atomist 前面加一个词 69 00:04:33,140 --> 00:04:37,900 fellow 我们前面也解释过 fellow 表示同僚同行 70 00:04:38,560 --> 00:04:43,180 欧文可不想拥有这样一个 fellow anatomist 跟他竞争 71 00:04:43,180 --> 00:04:48,480 所以就排挤他 Grant was astonished to discover that He 72 00:04:48,460 --> 00:04:51,980 was suddenly denied access to the anatomical 73 00:04:51,980 --> 00:04:54,760 specimens he needed to conduct his research. 74 00:04:55,060 --> 00:04:59,940 Access means the right to enter a place or the right to 75 00:04:59,940 --> 00:05:00,700 use something. 76 00:05:01,080 --> 00:05:04,300 Here it means the right to use the anatomical 77 00:05:04,300 --> 00:05:04,860 specimens. 78 00:05:05,860 --> 00:05:11,140 Was suddenly denied access to means he was suddenly not 79 00:05:11,140 --> 00:05:13,960 allowed to use the anatomical specimens. 80 00:05:14,640 --> 00:05:16,360 格兰特惊讶地发现, 81 00:05:16,400 --> 00:05:19,760 突然间就不允许自己使用解剖学的标本了, 82 00:05:19,820 --> 00:05:23,240 而他需要这些标本来进行他的医学研究。 83 00:05:50,320 --> 00:05:55,500 由于格兰特领取不到研究时需要的标本无法继续研究 84 00:05:55,500 --> 00:06:01,260 它就陷入了我们可以理解的我们可以想见的那种颓废 85 00:06:01,260 --> 00:06:04,640 断送了原本美好的前程 But 86 00:06:06,040 --> 00:06:09,520 no one suffered more from Owen's unkindly attentions 87 00:06:09,520 --> 00:06:12,640 than the hapless and increasingly tragic Gide on 88 00:06:12,640 --> 00:06:18,280 Mantell 但是在受到欧文不怀好意的关照的人当中没 89 00:06:18,280 --> 00:06:23,400 有谁比那位倒霉的而且越来越悲催的 Gide on Mantell 90 00:06:23,400 --> 00:06:27,010 更悲惨的了 After losing his wife, 91 00:06:27,250 --> 00:06:27,770 h ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）