第6章 红牙利爪的科学 Science Red in Tooth and Claw · 第4讲S5

1. 欧文给恐龙起名叫 'terrible lizard'（可怕的蜥蜴），但讲稿里说这个名字 'inapt'（不恰当），具体是因为恐龙既不可怕也不是蜥蜴，那它们到底更像啥？
2. 讲稿里提到欧文写了600篇解剖学论文，产量 'prodigious'。这个词跟 'prodigy'（神童）有啥关系？为啥用这个词来形容他的产出？
3. 欧文明明知道恐龙是爬行动物，也有现成的希腊词 'herpeton' 可以用，但他为什么偏要生造 'dinosaur' 这个词，而不是直接用那个现成的词呢？
4. 讲稿里说恐龙其实分 'ornithischians'（鸟臀目）和 'saurischians'（蜥臀目）两个目，这跟之前说的 '恐龙是一个目' 有啥区别？为啥这个错误比名字起错更 'excusable'（可原谅）？
5. 讲稿后半段花了很大篇幅描写欧文长得像 'villain'（反派），又是 'gaunt' 又是 'bulging eyes'，作者这么详细写他的长相，是想说明他这人怎么样？这跟他的科学成就有啥联系吗？

1. Owen named dinosaurs 'terrible lizards,' but the lecture says this name is 'inapt.' Why exactly is it inappropriate, and if they aren't terrible lizards, what are they more like?
2. The lecture mentions Owen produced 600 papers, which was 'prodigious.' How does this word relate to 'prodigy' (a child prodigy), and why is it used to describe his output?
3. Owen knew dinosaurs were reptiles and had the Greek word 'herpeton' at his disposal, but why did he choose to coin the new word 'dinosaur' instead of using the existing term?
4. The lecture explains that dinosaurs actually consist of two orders: ornithischians and saurischians. How does this differ from the earlier idea that dinosaurs were a single order, and why is this biological error considered more 'excusable' than the naming mistake?
5. The second half of the lecture focuses heavily on Owen's appearance, describing him as 'gaunt' with 'bulging eyes' like a 'villain.' Why does the author spend so much time on his looks, and does this reveal anything about his personality or scientific work?

1 00:00:17,910 --> 00:00:23,770 1861 年,石族鸟在德国南部的巴伐利亚被发现以后, 2 00:00:23,890 --> 00:00:27,530 欧文是首先描述它的人, 3 00:00:27,790 --> 00:00:33,830 欧文也是第一个为杜杜鸟撰写正式的 ep itaph 的人。 4 00:00:34,370 --> 00:00:38,510 An ep itaph is a short piece of writing on a stone over 5 00:00:38,510 --> 00:00:42,890 someone's grave It is usually a short life story of the 6 00:00:42,890 --> 00:00:47,890 deceased person 木志明也就是墓碑上撞刻的关于这个 7 00:00:47,890 --> 00:00:53,290 人生平的一些文字当然不可能真的有一个木志明因为 8 00:00:53,290 --> 00:00:58,030 这个嘟嘟鸟并没有一个木所以这里 formal ep itaph 是 9 00:00:58,030 --> 00:01:02,110 比喻的说法指的是 he had written about the extinction 10 00:01:02,110 --> 00:01:03,170 of doodles 11 00:01:03,740 --> 00:01:08,880 他撰写了很多关于肚肚鸟灭绝的论文 All together he 12 00:01:08,880 --> 00:01:13,320 produced some 600 anatomical papers a prodigious 13 00:01:13,320 --> 00:01:18,920 outputprodigious 我们看他的名词 prodigy a 14 00:01:19,050 --> 00:01:22,790 prodigy usually refers to a childwith amazing natural 15 00:01:22,790 --> 00:01:28,370 talent in somethingprodigy 是神童的意思 Mozart was a 16 00:01:28,370 --> 00:01:33,090 musical prodigy 比如说莫扎特是一个音乐神童那 17 00:01:33,090 --> 00:01:36,970 prodigious 这个形容词的意思就包含 amazing 18 00:01:37,350 --> 00:01:40,610 令人惊讶的 output means production 19 00:01:41,030 --> 00:01:46,310 也就是产量他撰写了 600 篇的解剖学论文这个产量令 20 00:01:46,310 --> 00:01:51,310 人惊愕 But it was for his work with dinosaurs that Owen 21 00:01:51,310 --> 00:01:52,150 is remembered 22 00:01:52,890 --> 00:01:59,330 但是欧文之所以轻视刘明主要还是因为对恐龙的研究 23 00:02:04,550 --> 00:02:10,850 是指生转出来度转出来的也就是之前不存在这个词是 24 00:02:10,850 --> 00:02:13,050 它生造出来的这么一个词 25 00:02:19,250 --> 00:02:24,530 这个 Dinosauria 这个词的意思就是 terrible lizard 可 26 00:02:24,530 --> 00:02:28,840 怕的蜥蜴 and was a curiously inapt name, 27 00:02:29,040 --> 00:02:31,400 inapt means inappropriate, 28 00:02:32,280 --> 00:02:35,900 这个名字非常不合适,我们后面就会解释, 29 00:02:36,040 --> 00:02:38,320 它既不可怕,也不是蜥蜴。 30 00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:41,140 D inosaurs,as we now know, 31 00:02:41,360 --> 00:02:42,680 weren't all terrible. 32 00:02:42,860 --> 00:02:45,080 Some were no bigger than rabbits and probably 33 00:02:45,080 --> 00:02:46,380 extremely retiring. 34 00:02:47,140 --> 00:02:50,520 And the one thing they most emphatically were not was 35 00:02:50,520 --> 00:02:53,320 lizards,which are actually of much older, 36 00:02:53,500 --> 00:02:55,200 by 30 million years lineage. 37 00:02:56,120 --> 00:03:01,520 我们现在知道恐龙也并不全是很可怕的有一些恐龙大 38 00:03:01,520 --> 00:03:05,740 小跟兔子差不多 And probably extremely retiring 39 00:03:06,480 --> 00:03:07,040 A 40 00:03:07,360 --> 00:03:10,900 retiring person is very shy and does not like to 41 00:03:10,900 --> 00:03:12,160 socialize with people 42 00:03:12,840 --> 00:03:18,240 如果说恐龙非常的 retiring 指的就是他很害羞喜欢独 43 00:03:18,240 --> 00:03:22,660 处 And the one thing they most emphatically were not was 44 00:03:22,660 --> 00:03:23,220 lizards 45 00:03:29,700 --> 00:03:36,140 他强调这个事情非常紧急 46 00:03:40,800 --> 00:03:43,820 他明确无误地回答不 47 00:03:47,800 --> 00:03:52,860 绝对的而这个句子的主干主语实际上就是就是 the one 48 00:03:52,860 --> 00:03:58,900 thing 位语是 was the one thing was lizards they most 49 00:03:58,900 --> 00:04:03,180 emphatically were not 这是定语重句就是 the one thing 50 00:04:03,180 --> 00:04:10,000 字面意思就是他们绝对绝对不是的那个东西就是蜥蜴 51 00:04:10,000 --> 00:04:14,580 当然我们不可能这样翻译其实意思就是他们绝对绝对 52 00:04:14,580 --> 00:04:18,880 不是蜥蜴 which are actually of a much older 53 00:04:18,880 --> 00:04:22,580 lineagewhich 指代的是 lizards, 54 00:04:22,740 --> 00:04:28,140 蜥蜴蜥蜴实际上是 of a much older lineage 我们 55 00:04:28,240 --> 00:04:33,320 之前见过一个词 line 意思跟这个有点相似 the line of 56 00:04:33,320 --> 00:04:35,920 ancient beasts known as dinosaurs 57 00:04:36,600 --> 00:04:40,180 这个 lineage 是更抽象一点意思是普系, 58 00:04:40,300 --> 00:04:45,980 士系,家系,血统这个意思看一下这个例句 in fact, 59 00:04:46,060 --> 00:04:49,920 we are of royal lineage 在这个句子中, 60 00:04:50,020 --> 00:04:50,900 他的意思是, 61 00:04:50,960 --> 00:04:56,240 蜥蜴在物种出现的排序上比恐龙还早了很多, 62 00:04:56,800 --> 00:04:58,540 领先大约三千万年。 63 00:04:58,760 --> 00:05:04,200 Owen was well aware that the creatures were reptilian, 64 00:05:04,380 --> 00:05:08,520 and had at his disposal a perfectly good Greek word, 65 00:05:08,740 --> 00:05:09,480 herpet on, 66 00:05:09,600 --> 00:05:14,800 but for some reason chose not to use it.尔文非常清楚这 67 00:05:14,800 --> 00:05:20,880 些生物是爬行动物 Riptilian And had at his disposal At 68 00:05:20,880 --> 00:05:24,960 someone's disposal means available for someone to use 69 00:05:24,960 --> 00:05:26,060 而且 70 00:05:26,090 --> 00:05:31,210 他手上有一个现成的非常好的希腊文的字可以使用那 71 00:05:31,210 --> 00:05:35,970 就是 herpison 意思是爬行动物但是为什么没有用我们 72 00:05:35,970 --> 00:05:40,310 就不知道了这里说到是 But for some reason 出于某种原 73 00:05:40,310 --> 00:05:40,470 因 74 00:05:44,860 --> 00:05:45,180 The possible error, 75 00:05:45,400 --> 00:05:48,740 given the paucity of specimens at the time, 76 00:05:48,840 --> 00:05:53,320 was that dinosaurs constitute not one but two orders of 77 00:05:53,320 --> 00:05:54,020 reptiles, 78 00:05:54,160 --> 00:05:57,960 the bird hipped onythischians and the lizard hipped 79 00:05:57,960 --> 00:06:02,580 saurischians.这句的主干是 Another error was that 80 00:06:02,780 --> 00:06:07,760 另一个错误是 D inosaurs constitute not one but two 81 00:06:07,760 --> 00:06:15,560 orders of reptiles.Order 就是建盟钢木科鼠种里边的 82 00:06:15,560 --> 00:06:18,420 木 Order 在这儿 83 00:06:18,840 --> 00:06:23,480 这个错误就是恐龙实际上并不是爬行钢底下的一个木 84 00:06:23,480 --> 00:06:27,120 它其实是两个木鸟 85 00:06:27,350 --> 00:06:33,970 屯木和蜥屯木鸟屯木的宽部骨骼和鸟类相似蜥屯木的 86 00:06:33,970 --> 00:06:39,350 宽部骨骼跟蜥蜴相似所以从生物学上来讲其实并没有 87 00:06:39,350 --> 00:06:44,690 一个木叫做恐龙木的现在回到前面 more excusable 88 00:06:44,690 --> 00:06:48,850 error 另一个错误但是这个错误是比较可以原谅的 89 00:06:48,850 --> 00:06:53,643 more excusable 就更可以原谅 excuse 是原谅的意思为 90 00:06:53,643 --> 00:06:58,290 什么更可以原谅呢因为 given the paucity of specimens 91 00:06:58,290 --> 00:07:03,790 at a timegiven 表示鉴于考虑到 paucity means fealness 92 00:07:03,790 --> 00:07:04,610 or scarcity 93 00:07:05,730 --> 00:07:08,570 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）