第6章 红牙利爪的科学 Science Red in Tooth and Claw · 第4讲S4

1. 讲稿里说欧文对动物解剖很有天赋，为什么伦敦动物园有动物死了会给他‘优先检视权’（first refusal）？这个权利具体是指啥？
2. 文中提到欧文家里曾经被一头刚死的犀牛占满了门厅（hallway），这里用‘delivered’这个词，是不是说明动物尸体是他主动要求送来的，而不是别人硬塞给他的？
3. 讲稿里对比了‘有袋类动物’（marsupials）和‘高等哺乳动物’，为啥有袋类动物在亚欧非大陆绝迹了，却在澳洲幸存下来？这里的‘劣势’具体指啥？
4. 为什么嘟嘟鸟（dodo）和摩亚鸟（moa）都被说成是‘不幸’（hapless）或者被‘吃光了’（eaten out of existence）？它们的灭绝原因有什么共同点吗？
5. 欧文不仅研究活动物，还研究像渡渡鸟和恐鸟这种‘已灭绝’（extinct）的动物。既然都灭绝了，他是怎么通过‘重建’（reconstruction）知道它们原来样子的？这跟盖房子重建有啥区别？

1. The transcript says Owen had a gift for anatomy, so why did the London Zoo give him 'first refusal' rights when an animal died? What exactly does that right mean?
2. The text mentions Owen's hallway was filled with a freshly deceased rhinoceros. Using the word 'delivered' here, does it imply he actively requested the bodies to be sent to him, rather than having them forced upon him?
3. The transcript contrasts 'marsupials' with 'higher mammals'. Why did marsupials go extinct in Eurasia, Africa, and Europe but survive in Australia? What does 'disadvantage' refer to here?
4. Why are the dodo and the moa described as 'hapless' or 'eaten out of existence'? Do they share any common reasons for their extinction?
5. Owen studied not only living animals but also 'extinct' ones like the dodo and moa. Since they are extinct, how did he know what they looked like through 'reconstruction'? How is this different from rebuilding a house?

1 00:00:06,320 --> 00:00:09,520 Owen swiftlyly distinguished himself with his powers 2 00:00:09,520 --> 00:00:11,380 of organization and deduction, 3 00:00:11,800 --> 00:00:15,420 由于欧文卓学的组织和推理能力, 4 00:00:15,480 --> 00:00:17,820 他迅速地名声确起。 5 00:00:18,120 --> 00:00:19,480 At the same time, 6 00:00:19,580 --> 00:00:22,980 he showed himself to be a peerless anatomist, 7 00:00:23,020 --> 00:00:24,680 with instincts for reconstruction, 8 00:00:25,200 --> 00:00:31,190 almost on a par with the great Cuvier in Paris.Peers are 9 00:00:31,190 --> 00:00:35,170 people who are the same age as you or who have the same 10 00:00:35,170 --> 00:00:39,590 type of job or social class as you Peers 指的就是你的同 11 00:00:39,590 --> 00:00:45,750 龄人同辈人或者同行这里说的 Peers 也就是举世无双 12 00:00:45,750 --> 00:00:51,010 没有人可以跟你相比没有人可以与你匹敌 Instincts 13 00:00:51,010 --> 00:00:52,650 means natural ability 14 00:00:53,330 --> 00:00:54,450 For reconstruction 15 00:00:54,970 --> 00:01:01,370 重建这里说的重建不是指建筑物重建而是根据一些化 16 00:01:01,370 --> 00:01:07,430 石重建这个动物原来的样子原来的形状 Al most on a par 17 00:01:07,430 --> 00:01:12,170 with the great Gouvier in Paris Par means equal 与此同 18 00:01:12,170 --> 00:01:19,070 时欧文展现出自己在古生物重建方面的天才在当代是 19 00:01:19,070 --> 00:01:24,450 举世无双他的才华几乎可以跟以前巴黎的那位为大的 20 00:01:24,450 --> 00:01:27,070 居为业等量器官 He 21 00:01:27,800 --> 00:01:32,000 becomes such an expert on the anatomy of animals that he 22 00:01:32,000 --> 00:01:36,100 was granted first refusal on any animal that died at the 23 00:01:36,100 --> 00:01:39,000 London Zoological Gardens and these he would 24 00:01:39,000 --> 00:01:41,860 invariably have delivered to his house for 25 00:01:41,860 --> 00:01:42,360 examination 26 00:01:43,540 --> 00:01:48,220 First refusal means the opportunity or right to accept 27 00:01:48,220 --> 00:01:52,000 or reject somethingbefore it is offered to other 28 00:01:52,000 --> 00:01:57,320 people 欧文成了权威的动物解剖专家甚 29 00:01:57,510 --> 00:02:03,870 至伦敦动物园一旦有动物死掉都会给他优先的检视权 30 00:02:04,810 --> 00:02:08,310 And these he would invariably have delivered to his 31 00:02:08,310 --> 00:02:09,290 house for examination 32 00:02:10,030 --> 00:02:12,850 Invariably means always, 33 00:02:13,190 --> 00:02:18,530 never changing 因为 very 是改变的意思所以是他总是 34 00:02:18,530 --> 00:02:19,090 这样做 35 00:02:19,690 --> 00:02:24,370 These 指的就是前面所说的 any animal that died at the 36 00:02:24,370 --> 00:02:27,030 London Zoological Gardens 那 37 00:02:27,190 --> 00:02:32,590 这个句子可以这样调整 He would invariably have these 38 00:02:32,590 --> 00:02:35,430 delivered to his house for examination 39 00:02:36,230 --> 00:02:40,210 也就是说 He would always have the animal bodies 40 00:02:40,210 --> 00:02:43,110 delivered to his house for examination 41 00:02:44,160 --> 00:02:50,220 他总是要动物园把动物的尸体送到他家里去检视 Once 42 00:02:50,220 --> 00:02:54,220 his wife returned home to find a freshly deceased 43 00:02:54,220 --> 00:03:00,360 rhinocerosfilling the front hallwaydisease 是死亡 44 00:03:00,360 --> 00:03:01,940 rhinoceros 45 00:03:02,080 --> 00:03:07,620 犀牛简称就是这个 rhinoholloway 就是门一打开进来 46 00:03:07,620 --> 00:03:12,700 的这个过道叫 holloway 有一次他的妻子从外面回来发 47 00:03:12,700 --> 00:03:17,520 现走道被一头刚死掉的犀牛给占滥了 He 48 00:03:19,410 --> 00:03:22,970 quickly became a leading expert on all kinds of animals 49 00:03:22,970 --> 00:03:26,070 living and extinctfrom platypuses, 50 00:03:26,450 --> 00:03:30,450 echidnas and other newly discovered mars upials to the 51 00:03:30,450 --> 00:03:35,190 helpless do do and extinct giant birds called mo as that 52 00:03:35,190 --> 00:03:38,770 had roamed New Zealand until eaten out of existence by 53 00:03:38,770 --> 00:03:40,290 the Maoris A 54 00:03:40,930 --> 00:03:42,690 leading expert Leading 55 00:03:42,750 --> 00:03:48,610 指的是处于领先地位的欧文很快就成了一个全能的处 56 00:03:48,610 --> 00:03:50,270 于领先地位的动物专家 57 00:03:50,820 --> 00:03:55,400 说他是全能的因为他什么动物都了解 On all kinds of 58 00:03:55,400 --> 00:03:55,720 animals, 59 00:03:55,920 --> 00:04:01,000 living and extinct Living and extinct 这两个形容词放 60 00:04:01,000 --> 00:04:05,540 在 animals 的后面作后制定语他们修饰的就是 animals 61 00:04:05,540 --> 00:04:06,400 无 62 00:04:07,200 --> 00:04:12,320 论是活着的动物还是已经灭绝的动物他都很了解破折 63 00:04:12,320 --> 00:04:18,020 号的后面是具体的列举他所了解的那些动物从鸭嘴兽 64 00:04:18,780 --> 00:04:19,540 针眼 65 00:04:20,120 --> 00:04:26,720 以及其他新近发现的有带类动物到运气不佳的杜杜鸟 66 00:04:27,730 --> 00:04:33,710 以及已经灭绝的巨大的鸟类摩崖鸟也叫孔鸟这种摩崖 67 00:04:33,710 --> 00:04:37,230 鸟曾经自由自在地漫步在新西兰 68 00:04:38,720 --> 00:04:44,400 但是后来被毛利人也就是当地的土著人吃光了就灭绝 69 00:04:44,400 --> 00:04:48,360 了 out of existence 就是指灭绝不存在了 70 00:04:49,340 --> 00:04:55,020 有带类动物是哺乳动物中比较古老的比较低级原始的 71 00:04:55,020 --> 00:05:01,200 类群它们没有胎盘幼兽出生的时候发育不完全属于早 72 00:05:01,200 --> 00:05:05,980 产儿比如袋鼠刚出生的时候就像是一条粉红色的肉虫 73 00:05:05,980 --> 00:05:11,360 长得根本就不像袋鼠要放在育儿袋中继续发育在那吃 74 00:05:11,360 --> 00:05:12,200 奶长大 75 00:05:12,700 --> 00:05:19,020 而鸭嘴兽和针眼它们根本都还不会生幼兽它们生出来 76 00:05:19,020 --> 00:05:24,000 的是蛋然后把蛋放在育儿袋里边孵化出来以后就在育 77 00:05:24,000 --> 00:05:25,560 儿袋里边吃奶长大 78 00:05:26,790 --> 00:05:31,630 随着高等哺乳动物的兴起这些比较低级的有袋类动物 79 00:05:31,630 --> 00:05:37,790 在生存竞争上处于劣势所以在亚欧非大陆基本上绝迹 80 00:05:37,790 --> 00:05:44,370 了但是在大洋洲因为大洋洲跟其他的大陆是由浩瀚的 81 00:05:44,370 --> 00:05:49,970 海洋分隔开所以食肉类的高等哺乳动物没法入侵到这 82 00:05:49,970 --> 00:05:55,030 里因此有带类动物就幸存下来了再 83 00:05:57,010 --> 00:06:00,990 看这里 Happeless doodle Happeless 这个 Happ 的意思是 84 00:06:00,990 --> 00:06:03,890 Luck So hapless means unfortunate 85 00:06:04,590 --> 00:06:08,370 运气不佳的就是不幸的嘟嘟鸟说 86 00:06:08,400 --> 00:06:12,880 它不幸那是因为这种嘟嘟鸟原来生长在印度洋的毛里 87 00:06:12,880 --> 00:06:19,390 求斯岛在 15 世纪之前岛上的嘟嘟鸟数量还是很多的但 88 00:06:19,390 --> 00:06:24,820 是自从欧洲的殖民者相继在这里定居以后不仅殖民者 89 00:06:24,820 --> 00:06:31,480 连同他们带来的猪狗猴鼠等等动物都开始捕食嘟嘟鸟 90 00:06:31,480 --> 00:06:35,640 的卵和雏鸟终于就导致嘟嘟鸟灭绝了 91 00:06:36,560 --> 00:06:41,420 我们可以看到这个嘟嘟鸟体型比较肥看起来比较笨拙 92 00:06:41,420 --> 00:06:44,780 所以呢就比较容易被捕杀光了还 93 00:06:44,940 --> 00:06:51,260 有一种已经灭绝的巨大的鸟类叫摩亚鸟这个摩亚是当 94 00:06:51,260 --> 00:06:56,050 地的毛利人对这个鸟的称呼这种鸟的命运跟嘟嘟鸟非 95 00:06:56,050 --> 00:07:02,020 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）