第6章 红牙利爪的科学 Science Red in Tooth and Claw · 第4讲S2

1. 讲稿里说欧文把曼特尔的日子过得像'地狱'一样，还用了'devote to'这个短语，这里的'devote to'具体是指他做了什么具体的坏事吗？还是说只是一种比喻？
2. 关于'head of the table'（首席）的位置，讲稿里提到要看离厨房远近，那如果桌子很长，离厨房近的那一端一定是主宾坐的位置吗？有没有其他判断标准？
3. 讲稿里解释'train'这个词时，说它既可以是及物也可以是不及物动词。那'He was trained as a doctor'和'He trained as a doctor'在意思上有什么细微的区别吗？
4. 为什么在19世纪的英国，盗尸人（body snatchers）偷尸体去卖钱，法律却好像拿他们没办法，甚至觉得不算严重犯罪？当时的法律漏洞具体是什么？
5. 讲稿最后提到了兰开斯特家族和约克家族的'玫瑰战争'，还联系到了《权力的游戏》。这个历史背景对于理解当时科学界（比如欧文和曼特尔）的竞争氛围有什么特别的暗示吗？

1. The transcript says Owen made Mantell's life 'hell' and used the phrase 'devote to'. Does 'devote to' here refer to specific malicious actions he took, or is it just a metaphor?
2. Regarding the 'head of the table', the transcript mentions it depends on proximity to the kitchen. If the table is long, is the end closer to the kitchen always the guest of honor's seat? Are there other criteria?
3. When explaining the verb 'train', the transcript says it can be both transitive and intransitive. Is there any subtle difference in meaning between 'He was trained as a doctor' and 'He trained as a doctor'?
4. Why did the law in 19th-century Britain seem unable to punish body snatchers for stealing corpses for profit, or why was it considered not a serious crime? What was the specific legal loophole at that time?
5. The transcript mentions the 'War of the Roses' between the Lancaster and York families and connects it to 'Game of Thrones'. Does this historical background offer any specific insights into the competitive atmosphere of the scientific community at that time (e.g., between Owen and Mantell)?

1 00:00:06,420 --> 00:00:08,380 On New Year's Eve 1853, 2 00:00:08,700 --> 00:00:12,900 a famous dinner for 21 prominent scientists was held 3 00:00:12,900 --> 00:00:14,780 inside the unfinished iguanodon. 4 00:00:15,170 --> 00:00:18,330 Prominent means important and famous, 5 00:00:19,010 --> 00:00:20,330 民众意识的科学家。 6 00:00:20,630 --> 00:00:23,110 在 1853 年的新年前夜, 7 00:00:23,230 --> 00:00:28,330 在尚未完工的秦龙肚子里边举行了一个著名的晚宴, 8 00:00:28,430 --> 00:00:32,570 邀请了当时民众意识的 21 位科学家参加。 9 00:00:32,570 --> 00:00:34,420 Gide on Mantell, 10 00:00:34,580 --> 00:00:37,500 the man who had found and identified the Echinod on, 11 00:00:37,620 --> 00:00:40,060 was not among them 然而, 12 00:00:40,140 --> 00:00:46,300 这位当初第一个发现并鉴定秦龙的 Gide on Mantell 却 13 00:00:46,300 --> 00:00:50,460 不在其中 The person at the head of the table was the 14 00:00:50,460 --> 00:00:54,800 greatest star of the young science of paleontology The 15 00:00:55,510 --> 00:01:00,370 head of the table usually is at both ends 至于是哪个 end 16 00:01:00,370 --> 00:01:06,470 是 head 哪边是 foot 要看哪边距离厨房更近离厨房近的 17 00:01:06,470 --> 00:01:10,650 那个是 head of the table 一般来说这个 the two ends of 18 00:01:10,650 --> 00:01:16,050 the table 是由男女主人做的但是如果不是家庭聚会不 19 00:01:16,050 --> 00:01:20,730 存在男女主人的情况那么这两个位置就是留给主客或 20 00:01:20,730 --> 00:01:24,050 者说叫主宾留给 the most honored guest 21 00:01:24,680 --> 00:01:32,420 那在这场宴会中坐在首席的这位主客是当时上年轻的 22 00:01:32,420 --> 00:01:38,240 古生物学界最耀眼的明星 His name was Richard Owen And 23 00:01:38,240 --> 00:01:41,280 by this time he had already devoted several productive 24 00:01:41,280 --> 00:01:46,200 years to making Gide on Mantell's life hellhell 25 00:01:46,300 --> 00:01:51,500 是地狱 making his life hell 也就是让他日子不好过那 26 00:01:51,560 --> 00:01:57,150 这里我们又看到了 devote to 这个结构就是他把好多年 27 00:01:57,150 --> 00:02:02,220 的时间都花在这么一个事情上这件事情就是让 Gide on 28 00:02:02,220 --> 00:02:07,000 Mantell 的日子不好过仿佛这就是他的目的一样而且 29 00:02:07,000 --> 00:02:11,900 这几年的时间呢他还成果捉住 Productive Productive 30 00:02:11,900 --> 00:02:16,180 means having a lot of production 有很多很多的成果 31 00:02:23,080 --> 00:02:27,160 大家对这里 he had trained as a doctor 是不是有点疑问 32 00:02:27,160 --> 00:02:31,400 呢是不是觉得他应该是 where he had been trained as a 33 00:02:31,400 --> 00:02:35,860 doctor 难道不应该是被动语态吗当然如果改成被动语 34 00:02:35,860 --> 00:02:37,160 态肯定是正确的 35 00:02:37,720 --> 00:02:42,740 但是主动语态也是对的因为 train 既是急误动词也是 36 00:02:42,740 --> 00:02:48,160 不急误动词她可以表示给别人进行培训也可以表示自 37 00:02:48,160 --> 00:02:53,160 己接受培训比如这里 She is training to be a doctor 她正 38 00:02:53,160 --> 00:02:58,620 在接受医师培训那这里指的就是她接受医师培训欧文 39 00:02:58,620 --> 00:03:03,500 从小就在英国北方的南卡斯特长大也在那里接受了医 40 00:03:03,500 --> 00:03:08,540 师的培训 He was a born anatomist and so devoted to his 41 00:03:08,540 --> 00:03:12,060 studies that he sometimes elicitly borrowed limbs, 42 00:03:12,400 --> 00:03:16,380 organs and other parts from cadavers and took them home 43 00:03:16,380 --> 00:03:19,880 for leisurely dissectionan atomist 44 00:03:20,480 --> 00:03:25,900 名词 an atomy 是解剖学这个 an atomist 指的是解剖学家 45 00:03:25,900 --> 00:03:31,280 他是一个天才的解剖学家 born anatomist 好像是说天 46 00:03:31,280 --> 00:03:36,100 生就是一个解剖学家 and so devoted to his studies that 47 00:03:36,100 --> 00:03:41,700 他对自己的医学研究是如此的投入他有的时候 48 00:03:49,080 --> 00:03:53,880 这里我们先解释 leisurely 这个词也可以读作 49 00:03:53,880 --> 00:04:00,200 leisurely 先看它的名词 leisure or leisure 指的是闲 50 00:04:00,200 --> 00:04:02,900 暇时间不需要去工作的一个时间 51 00:04:03,800 --> 00:04:08,010 take the leaflets home and read them at your leisure 意 52 00:04:08,010 --> 00:04:14,980 思是把这些小册子传单拿回家有空的时候慢慢读因 53 00:04:15,170 --> 00:04:21,130 此加上 ly 就变成了形容词并不是副词啊虽然很多词的 54 00:04:21,130 --> 00:04:26,270 ly 结尾是副词但是这个是形容词指的是悠闲自在的 55 00:04:26,720 --> 00:04:33,300 现在再看 dissection 动词 dissect 解剖 dissection 自 56 00:04:33,300 --> 00:04:38,360 然是名词解剖的意思 cataversecataverse means 57 00:04:38,360 --> 00:04:40,060 bodies for dissection 58 00:04:40,740 --> 00:04:47,800 尸体尤其是指供解剖用的尸体而不是平常的尸体这个 59 00:04:47,800 --> 00:04:51,840 cataverse 是专门在医学上使用的词欧 60 00:04:52,320 --> 00:04:57,260 文对自己的医学研究非常投入有的时候他会从尸体身 61 00:04:57,260 --> 00:05:04,120 上借用一些 limbs 指的是四肢有的时候弄一只腿或者 62 00:05:04,120 --> 00:05:09,880 一只手臂 organs 是器官或者摘个心脏什么的 and other 63 00:05:09,880 --> 00:05:13,660 parts 还有其他的部位 from catapults 就从尸体身上 64 00:05:13,660 --> 00:05:16,520 borrowed 当然这个借用 65 00:05:17,320 --> 00:05:21,300 肯定不是真的是借所以前面会加上一个字 illicitly 66 00:05:21,840 --> 00:05:27,560 违法的或者说是不道德的虽然不违法但至少是不道德 67 00:05:27,560 --> 00:05:33,280 的然后他把这些身体的部位或者器官切下来以后呢 68 00:05:33,280 --> 00:05:38,160 Took them home for leisurely dissection 拿回家慢慢地 69 00:05:38,160 --> 00:05:38,560 解剖 70 00:05:39,400 --> 00:05:44,720 我们现在供医学解剖使用的遗体一般是来自人们的捐 71 00:05:44,720 --> 00:05:50,600 赠就是人们可以在生前写下遗嘱捐赠自己的遗体但是 72 00:05:50,600 --> 00:05:54,020 在 19 世纪的时候是没有这种做法的 73 00:05:54,150 --> 00:05:59,830 基督教的信仰认为如果人的遗体被破坏的话那么他的 74 00:05:59,830 --> 00:06:05,030 灵魂也就没有办法进入天堂所以那个时候供解剖使用 75 00:06:05,030 --> 00:06:07,930 的尸体主要是来自囚犯 76 00:06:07,970 --> 00:06:12,970 死刑犯的尸体但是那远远不够所以那个时候就兴起了 77 00:06:12,970 --> 00:06:16,590 一种职业叫 body snatchers 盗尸人 78 00:06:17,440 --> 00:06:23,220 盗尸人是一伙新型的盗墓贼他们盗墓盗的不是里边的 79 00:06:23,220 --> 00:06:27,780 金银财宝而是尸体他们一般会找一个比较新鲜的坟墓 80 00:06:27,780 --> 00:06:33,220 把尸体偷走再卖给这些 doctors 或者医学院赚取很高 81 00:06:33,220 --> 00:06:38,130 的回报而且当时的法律好像还不太能拿他们怎么办因 82 00:06:38,130 --> 00:06:43,200 为当时的法律规定偷盗墓礼学里边的那些金银财宝 83 00:06:43,980 --> 00:06:49,260 是违法的但是并没有规定说偷盗尸体是违法可能制定 84 00:06:49,260 --> 00:06:52,720 法律的时候根本就没有想到会有人偷盗尸体 85 00:06:53,240 --> 00:06:58,120 所以这些盗墓贼呢就会把尸体身上的衣服都脱掉就只 86 00:06:58,120 --> 00:07:02,940 把尸体拿走这样的话他们如果被发现也不会判上很重 87 00:07:02,940 --> 00:07:06,720 的罪但是他们的收入是非常丰厚的好 88 00:07:06,820 --> 00:07:10,360 现在我们再提一下这个欧文长大的这个城市 89 00:07:10,360 --> 00:07:15,100 Lancaster 这是非常值得一提的英格兰北部的一座城 90 00:07:15,100 --> 00:07:15,380 市 91 00:07:15,880 --> 00:07:22,260 在 15 世纪的英国有一只生活在兰卡斯特的王族被称为 92 00:07:22,260 --> 00:07:27,620 The House of Lancaster 兰卡斯特家族另外一支王族叫 93 00:07:27,620 --> 00:07:29,860 约克家族 The House of York 94 00:07:30,580 --> 00:07:34,980 生活在我之前跟大家介绍过的这 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）