第6章 红牙利爪的科学 Science Red in Tooth and Claw · 第3讲S3

1. 老师，讲稿里说 Mantel 花了三年时间 'taking pains' 去找证据，这个词组 'take pains' 到底是什么意思呀？它和 'painstaking' 这个词有什么关系？
2. 居维叶把 Mantel 发现的化石当成河马的，后来还 'apologized handsomely'，这里的 'handsomely' 不是指‘帅气’吗？为什么用在道歉上感觉怪怪的？
3. 这种新发现的动物被命名为 'Iguanodon'，讲稿里提到它是以 'Iguana'（鬣蜥）命名的，但最后又说它们 'not in any manner related'（毫无关系），这到底是怎么一回事？
4. 为什么 Mantel 明明已经很有把握了，他的朋友 Buckland 牧师还是劝他 'proceed with caution'（谨慎行事）？当时的科学界为什么这么难接受他的结论？
5. 讲稿最后提到，就在 Mantel 准备发表论文时，Buckland 牧师自己也在牛津郡发现了另一种恐龙。这种巧合对 Mantel 的研究有什么影响？

1. Teacher, the transcript says Mantel spent three years 'taking pains' to find evidence. What exactly does the phrase 'take pains' mean, and how is it related to the word 'painstaking'?
2. Cuvier initially mistook the fossil for a hippo's and later 'apologized handsomely'. Doesn't 'handsomely' usually mean 'handsome' or 'good-looking'? Why does it feel weird when used with an apology?
3. The new creature was named 'Iguanodon' after the 'Iguana', but the transcript says they were 'not in any manner related'. How can it be named after something it's not related to?
4. Why did Mantel's friend, Reverend Buckland, urge him to 'proceed with caution' even when Mantel was quite confident? Why was the scientific community at that time so reluctant to accept his conclusions?
5. The transcript mentions that just as Mantel was ready to publish, Reverend Buckland himself discovered another dinosaur in Oxfordshire. How does this coincidence affect Mantel's research?

1 00:00:04,880 --> 00:00:08,140 Mantel could see at once it was a fossilized tooth. 2 00:00:08,800 --> 00:00:12,360 他一下就看出来这是牙齿的化石。 3 00:00:12,900 --> 00:00:16,140 And after a little study became certain that it was from 4 00:00:16,140 --> 00:00:18,180 an animal that was herbivorous, 5 00:00:18,420 --> 00:00:20,480 reptilian,extremely large, 6 00:00:20,780 --> 00:00:23,460 tens of feet long,and from the Cretaceous period. 7 00:00:24,040 --> 00:00:27,080 Herbivorous,我们看一下中间这个 herb, 8 00:00:27,220 --> 00:00:29,940 H 不翻译读作 herb,这是名词, 9 00:00:30,020 --> 00:00:31,740 意思是植物,草。 10 00:00:32,400 --> 00:00:38,120 Erbivores 是食草动物 Erbivores 这是形容词食草的 11 00:00:39,340 --> 00:00:40,220 Reptilian 12 00:00:41,260 --> 00:00:45,160 这里边的名词是 Reptile 我们之前见过就是爬行动物 13 00:00:45,160 --> 00:00:47,280 这个 Reptilian 就是它的形容词 14 00:00:48,310 --> 00:00:54,050 所以他稍作研究便确定这枚牙齿化石来自一种食草的 15 00:00:54,050 --> 00:00:58,430 爬行动物体型非常巨大大概有 Tens of Feet Long 16 00:00:59,430 --> 00:01:01,070 And from the Cretaceous Period 17 00:01:01,960 --> 00:01:05,800 而且他还可以确定这种动物来自白鳄鸡 18 00:01:08,230 --> 00:01:19,730 他说的全部都对但是这真的是非常大胆的结论因为在 19 00:01:19,730 --> 00:01:24,170 当时人们从来就没有见过甚至是没有想象过这样的东 20 00:01:24,170 --> 00:01:24,430 西 21 00:01:33,730 --> 00:01:37,390 He of the gowns and experimental appetite To proceed 22 00:01:37,390 --> 00:01:41,310 with caution Mantel devoted three painstaking years 23 00:01:41,310 --> 00:01:44,430 To seeking evidence to support his conclusions 24 00:01:46,090 --> 00:01:50,970 To upend something means to turn something over So that 25 00:01:50,970 --> 00:01:55,950 it's upside down 在这里是推翻颠覆的意思 Mantel 意识 26 00:01:55,950 --> 00:02:01,930 到自己的这个发现将要颠覆人们对过去也就是对古生 27 00:02:01,930 --> 00:02:03,150 物史的认知 28 00:02:09,070 --> 00:02:14,550 他的朋友就是 William Buckland 牧师也劝说他 erge 是 29 00:02:14,550 --> 00:02:19,150 劝说劝说他 to proceed with cautioncaution 之前学过 30 00:02:19,150 --> 00:02:24,570 就是小心谨慎劝说他要小心行事 to proceed with means 31 00:02:24,570 --> 00:02:28,050 to carry on with whatever he's doing 他的 32 00:02:28,340 --> 00:02:31,700 这位朋友就是 Reverend William Buckland 我们先前有 33 00:02:31,700 --> 00:02:36,660 学过他 He of the Guns 指的是他就是那个喜欢穿着学术 34 00:02:36,660 --> 00:02:41,600 服到那个野地里面去考察的那个牧师同时呢他还有着 35 00:02:41,600 --> 00:02:45,000 Experimental Appetite 非常喜欢做实验 36 00:02:46,450 --> 00:02:50,160 Mantel devoted three painstaking years to seeking 37 00:02:50,160 --> 00:02:53,920 evidence to support his conclusions 这个部分才是真 38 00:02:53,920 --> 00:02:58,480 正的主句的部分前面都是一个背景也就是在这样的情 39 00:02:58,480 --> 00:03:03,380 况下因为呢他自己觉得他觉得自己的这个发现将要颠 40 00:03:03,380 --> 00:03:05,480 覆以往的一切知识 41 00:03:06,060 --> 00:03:11,280 另一方面是他的朋友也劝说他要小心所以呢他果真就 42 00:03:11,280 --> 00:03:23,080 非常小心谨慎 Mantel 花了三年的时间来寻找证据 43 00:03:23,080 --> 00:03:27,480 支持自己的结论所以他不敢就随便的把自己的结论发 44 00:03:27,480 --> 00:03:28,020 表出去 45 00:03:28,810 --> 00:03:33,390 那这里面要注意一下 Devote 后面跟上时间就花了多少 46 00:03:33,390 --> 00:03:38,770 时间去做一件什么事这个 to 后面呢是一个名词这个 to 47 00:03:38,770 --> 00:03:41,130 后面不是跟动词的他 48 00:03:41,960 --> 00:03:45,940 表示把这三年的时间都奉献到了这个事业中去就是 49 00:03:45,940 --> 00:03:49,480 seeking evidence to support his conclusions 所以要用 50 00:03:49,480 --> 00:03:55,720 动名词 Painstaking 这个词我们先把它拆开看其实它 51 00:03:55,720 --> 00:04:00,680 来自一个动词词组就是 take pains to We 52 00:04:00,770 --> 00:04:04,910 take special pains to be sure that people can't solve 53 00:04:04,910 --> 00:04:09,650 the riddles too easily To take pains to means to try hard 54 00:04:09,650 --> 00:04:14,230 To take extra time or care to do something 我们 55 00:04:14,260 --> 00:04:20,240 费尽心思的想要确保人们不要太容易就猜出这些谜语 56 00:04:20,240 --> 00:04:24,160 了因为如果太容易就猜出来就不好玩了 Thank 57 00:04:24,610 --> 00:04:29,290 you for taking such pains to help me 谢谢你如此费心的 58 00:04:29,290 --> 00:04:30,950 帮助我而 59 00:04:31,080 --> 00:04:34,820 现在我们看把它连在一起是什么样的 painstaking 变 60 00:04:34,820 --> 00:04:39,240 成了一个形容词 it means very careful and diligent 61 00:04:39,240 --> 00:04:40,880 very hard working 62 00:04:41,810 --> 00:04:47,430 这里指他付出了三年艰辛的工作去搜寻证据来支持自 63 00:04:47,430 --> 00:04:49,890 己的 conclusions he 64 00:04:51,230 --> 00:04:54,850 sent a tooth to Gouvier in Paris for an opinion but the 65 00:04:54,850 --> 00:04:57,370 great French man dismissed it as being from a 66 00:04:57,370 --> 00:05:01,570 hippopotamus 戈维尔就是前面我们学到过的那位居维 67 00:05:01,570 --> 00:05:06,570 叶他把这枚牙齿送到了法国巴黎的居维叶那里希望能 68 00:05:06,570 --> 00:05:11,030 够得到他的指点但是这位伟大的法国科学家却 69 00:05:11,030 --> 00:05:12,210 Dismissed it 70 00:05:13,280 --> 00:05:17,280 To dismiss something means to refuse to consider an 71 00:05:17,280 --> 00:05:19,760 idea Because you think it is not serious 72 00:05:20,240 --> 00:05:22,140 Because you think it is not important 73 00:05:22,600 --> 00:05:26,420 It means to refuse to accept or recognize it 74 00:05:27,310 --> 00:05:32,410 所以这位居维叶轻描淡写的说这没什么了不起的他认 75 00:05:32,410 --> 00:05:37,730 为这只是一枚来自 Hippopotamus 就是河马简称 Hippo 76 00:05:37,730 --> 00:05:42,350 是来自河马的一枚花石 Covia later apologized 77 00:05:42,350 --> 00:05:45,430 handsomely for this uncharacteristic 78 00:05:45,430 --> 00:05:48,170 errorhandsomely 79 00:05:49,470 --> 00:05:52,850 我们先要知道一下他的形容词 handsome 80 00:05:53,390 --> 00:05:54,430 a handsome income 81 00:05:55,260 --> 00:05:59,980 我们对这个词的理解可能很多人觉得 handsome 就是很 82 00:05:59,980 --> 00:06:05,360 帅漂亮的意思但是你看到 a handsome incomeincome 是 83 00:06:05,360 --> 00:06:10,680 收入所以这里明显就不是帅或者漂亮而是指一笔可观 84 00:06:10,680 --> 00:06:11,520 的收入 85 00:06:12,180 --> 00:06:16,760 那再看 handsomely he was handsomely rewarded by the 86 00:06:16,760 --> 00:06:23,280 king 他得到了国王丰厚的赏赐所以这是指丰厚的所以 87 00:06:23,540 --> 00:06:27,720 说 apologize to handsomely 指的就是居为业认真不断 88 00:06:27,720 --> 00:06:32,080 地跟他道歉而不是轻描淡写随便说一句对不起他是 89 00:06:32,080 --> 00:06:34,360 handsomely for 90 00:06:34,710 --> 00:06:38,490 his uncharacteristic erroruncharacteristic means 91 00:06:38,490 --> 00:06:43,890 not typical or not usual 也就是这种错误一般来说居委 92 00:06:43,890 --> 00:06:48,070 也是不会犯的 it's not a typical error of him one 93 00:06:49,960 --> 00:06:5 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）