第6章 红牙利爪的科学 Science Red in Tooth and Claw · 第2讲

1. 讲稿里提到居维叶的灭绝理论让宗教人士感到'不舒服'(uncomfortable)，这具体是因为该理论暗示了上帝行事有什么样的'暗示'(implication)吗？
2. 为什么讲稿特别强调把'Great Chain of Being'翻译成'存在巨链'而不是直译成'生物链'？这里的'being'到底包含哪些非生物的成分？
3. 杰斐逊为什么对去密西西比河以西探险的想法'立刻扑上去'(leapt at the idea)？这和他坚信物种不会灭绝、也不会进化有什么关系？
4. 同一年里，法国居维叶在巴黎提出灭绝理论，而英国威廉·史密斯在搞煤矿建设，这两个人在'英吉利海峡彼岸'(other side of the English Channel)做的事有什么对比意味？
5. 杰斐逊派了刘易斯去探险，又专门找了卡斯帕·威斯特来提供咨询，威斯特被选派去'留意'(look out for)什么具体的东西，这和当时流行的博物学观念有关吗？

1. The transcript mentions that Cuvier's extinction theory made religious people feel 'uncomfortable'; specifically, what kind of 'implication' about God's actions did the theory suggest that caused this discomfort?
2. Why does the lecture insist on translating 'Great Chain of Being' as 'Chain of Existence' rather than 'Chain of Living Beings'? What non-biological elements does 'being' include in this context?
3. Why did Jefferson 'leap at the idea' of exploring west of the Mississippi, and how does this relate to his belief that species do not go extinct or evolve?
4. In the same year, Cuvier was in Paris proposing extinction theories while William Smith was working on coal canals in England; what is the significance of contrasting these two figures on the 'other side of the English Channel'?
5. Jefferson sent Lewis on the expedition but also hired Casper Wister for advice; what specific things was Wister selected to 'look out for', and how does this connect to the naturalist concepts of the time?

1 00:00:12,050 --> 00:00:13,810 在我们之前的课程中, 2 00:00:13,890 --> 00:00:21,590 我们谈论了现在消失的马斯特多姆们的证明和美国有 3 00:00:21,570 --> 00:00:24,350 多大动物的争论。 4 00:00:26,500 --> 00:00:32,480 在 1796 年的争论中,古菲尔写了一篇特别的文章, 5 00:00:33,020 --> 00:00:38,300 关于生命和核心猴子的种族 in which he put forward for 6 00:00:38,300 --> 00:00:42,400 the first time a formal theory of extinctions Here, 7 00:00:42,680 --> 00:00:46,080 a landmark means an important discovery that 8 00:00:46,080 --> 00:00:50,920 influences the scientific worldan event marking an 9 00:00:50,920 --> 00:00:52,740 important development in history 10 00:00:53,720 --> 00:00:59,720 在这场争论的启发之下居维叶 1996 年写了一篇具有化 11 00:00:59,720 --> 00:01:04,560 石代意义的论文关于活着的大象以及已经变成化石的 12 00:01:04,560 --> 00:01:11,080 大象的物种问题在这篇论文里面他首次也就是率先提 13 00:01:11,080 --> 00:01:15,040 出了关于物种灭绝的正式理论 14 00:01:24,560 --> 00:01:30,540 他相信每过一段时间地球就会遭遇全球的大灾难 15 00:01:31,200 --> 00:01:33,800 那时候各种生物全部灭绝 16 00:01:47,520 --> 00:01:48,920 Religious people, 17 00:01:49,100 --> 00:01:54,020 宗教人士在这里主要指的是信仰基督教的人士, 18 00:01:54,120 --> 00:01:56,740 基督徒对于基督徒来说, 19 00:01:56,860 --> 00:02:00,420 包括居维耶自己 The idea raised uncomfortable 20 00:02:00,420 --> 00:02:01,460 implications. 21 00:02:02,160 --> 00:02:05,000 Implication 的动词是 implied. 22 00:02:05,200 --> 00:02:09,200 To imply means to suggest that something is true, 23 00:02:09,360 --> 00:02:11,220 without saying this directly. 24 00:02:12,050 --> 00:02:14,290 What are you implying by that remark? 25 00:02:14,650 --> 00:02:16,930 你这样说到底是什么意思? 26 00:02:17,290 --> 00:02:20,810 So implication means something that is implied. 27 00:02:21,370 --> 00:02:25,050 It means a suggestion.是一种暗示, 28 00:02:25,110 --> 00:02:26,210 没有直说的。 29 00:02:26,210 --> 00:02:31,770 那这个理论包含的暗示让人感觉很不舒服 30 00:02:32,250 --> 00:02:38,220 尤其是对宗教界人士来说感觉很不舒服原因是 sins 表 31 00:02:38,220 --> 00:02:42,750 示原因 It suggested an unaccountable casualness on 32 00:02:42,750 --> 00:02:46,050 the part of providenceunaccountable means 33 00:02:46,050 --> 00:02:50,410 unexplainablebecause account to account for 34 00:02:50,410 --> 00:02:54,180 something means to explain somethingprovidence 35 00:02:54,180 --> 00:03:01,340 means God 因为这个理论暗示上帝的旨意难以琢磨而且 36 00:03:01,340 --> 00:03:07,140 漫不经心因为基督教认为一切都是在上帝的安排之中 37 00:03:07,140 --> 00:03:12,100 上帝做所有的这些事情都是有一定的目的的可是这样 38 00:03:12,100 --> 00:03:16,980 的不断发生的灭绝却显得非常的 casual 好像很随意这 39 00:03:16,980 --> 00:03:18,280 就很难解释了 40 00:03:25,790 --> 00:03:32,150 上帝创造了种种物种然后再让他们全部灭绝这到底是 41 00:03:32,150 --> 00:03:32,690 为了什么 42 00:03:50,640 --> 00:03:54,840 To be contrary to means to be opposite to The 43 00:03:54,940 --> 00:03:58,700 great chain of being was first proposed by some Greek 44 00:03:58,700 --> 00:04:01,980 philosophers including Aristotle and then further 45 00:04:01,980 --> 00:04:05,360 developed in the Middle Ages 中 46 00:04:05,580 --> 00:04:10,940 文可以翻译成存在剧链他们相信一切的物质和生物都 47 00:04:10,940 --> 00:04:16,380 存在着一种由上帝规定的等级结构这个等级结构基本 48 00:04:16,380 --> 00:04:20,680 是这样的最高等级的是 God 然后是 Angels 49 00:04:24,800 --> 00:04:31,450 所以这个理论跟存在剧烈的信仰是完全相反的存 50 00:04:31,540 --> 00:04:42,960 在剧烈主张世界是经过小心的安排的其中每一个生命 51 00:04:42,960 --> 00:04:49,100 都有各自的位置和目的而且永远如此不会改变在 52 00:04:49,620 --> 00:04:54,620 这呢提醒一下大家这本书的中文译本就是万物简史的 53 00:04:54,620 --> 00:04:59,480 中文译本把这个 being 翻译成生物 great chain of being 54 00:04:59,480 --> 00:05:04,260 翻译成大生物链这不太准确因为 being 虽然有生物的 55 00:05:04,260 --> 00:05:08,500 意思但是在 great chain of being 里边这个 being 还包括 56 00:05:08,500 --> 00:05:14,000 minerals 其他的物质不一定是生物还有 god angels 也 57 00:05:14,000 --> 00:05:18,420 不能说是生物所以呢翻译成存在聚链 58 00:05:19,620 --> 00:05:26,160 还有就是生物链揭示的是生物之间什么吃什么这样的 59 00:05:26,160 --> 00:05:31,660 关系但在这里呢它指的是一种等级结构当然我们不能 60 00:05:31,660 --> 00:05:34,120 说 God eats angels, 61 00:05:34,400 --> 00:05:39,160 angels eat humans 不是这样的所以翻译成生物链是不 62 00:05:39,160 --> 00:05:39,880 合适的 63 00:05:50,560 --> 00:05:55,440 to evolvecouldn't abide means couldn't bearcouldn't 64 00:05:55,440 --> 00:05:59,680 stand the thought 无法忍受这样的想法 for 65 00:05:59,800 --> 00:06:04,280 one 加在这里的意思是有许多人都无法忍受这样的想 66 00:06:04,280 --> 00:06:09,180 法 Jefferson 便是其中之一他算是一个 that 67 00:06:09,860 --> 00:06:14,660 the whole species would ever be permitted to vanish to 68 00:06:14,660 --> 00:06:20,040 vanish means to disappear to die out to be extinct or 69 00:06:20,040 --> 00:06:25,680 come to that to evolve come to that means what's more in 70 00:06:25,680 --> 00:06:28,340 fact to indicate an afterthought 71 00:06:29,040 --> 00:06:34,500 就是在讲述一件事情的时候突然想起不仅如此还有一 72 00:06:34,500 --> 00:06:38,060 件事所以加上去补充进去这个 evolve 73 00:06:38,540 --> 00:06:40,800 再举个例子 You owe me 74 00:06:41,060 --> 00:06:45,360 20 for dinner last night Come to that You owe me another 75 00:06:45,680 --> 00:06:50,980 10 for the taxi ride home So come to that 往往都是临时想 76 00:06:50,980 --> 00:06:55,480 起来再加进去的一个信息那这里呢 Be committed 是被 77 00:06:55,480 --> 00:07:00,460 动语态如果我们在翻译的时候想把它改成主动语态就 78 00:07:00,460 --> 00:07:06,180 要加上动作的执行者在这里可以想见执行者应该是 79 00:07:06,180 --> 00:07:06,580 God 80 00:07:07,080 --> 00:07:12,940 就是上帝所以 Jefferson 他就无法容忍这样的理念说 81 00:07:12,940 --> 00:07:19,340 是上帝准许整个物种消失不见还有呢准许物种进化因 82 00:07:19,340 --> 00:07:25,400 为根据前面所说的存在剧烈所有的生物它的位置是不 83 00:07:25,400 --> 00:07:31,820 会变动的它既不会消亡既不会灭绝也不会进化所以他 84 00:07:31,820 --> 00:07:33,540 们无法接受这个理念 85 00:08:00,460 --> 00:08:07,400 后面这个 that 所带的整个从句其实就是 it 指的是这个 86 00:08:07,400 --> 00:08:13,290 问题被放到了他的面前被摆在他面前由他来做决定其 87 00:08:13,290 --> 00:08:19,860 实也就是说呢有人向他提出如果我们派 a party a party 88 00:08:19,860 --> 00:08:23,960 means a group of people 如果我们派一批人 to explore 89 00:08:23,960 --> 00:08:28,040 the interior of America 是不是会有一些 scientific 90 00:08:28,040 --> 00:08:32,700 and political value 是不是有一些科学和政治的价值 91 00:08:32,700 --> 00:08:33,780 呢当 92 00:08:33,810 --> 00:08:38,890 这个问题摆到他面前的时候呢他马上就 leapt at the 93 00:08:38,890 --> 00:08:44,890 idealeapt 原型是 leap 就是跳跃扑到这个想法上意思 94 00:08:44,890 --> 00:08:48,390 就是他马上就同意了就赞成了这个想法 95 00:08:48,750 --> 00:08:53,450 那这个 suggestion 这个提议是什么呢是 send a p ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）