第6章 红牙利爪的科学 Science Red in Tooth and Claw · 第2讲S4

1. 讲稿里说 'Genesis applied only to the most recent inundation'，这里的 'apply to' 是不是不是‘应用’的意思？能不能多举几个这种‘适用于’的用法例子？
2. 文中提到 'inescapable importance'，说化石的重要性是 'inescapable' 的。这个词前缀 'in-' 表示否定，那 'inescapable' 到底是指‘没法逃脱’还是‘不可避免’呀？
3. 居维叶为了自圆其说，认为上帝不想让摩西知道以前的洪水。为啥他觉得上帝要特意隐瞒这些灭绝事件，而不直接让摩西写进《摩西五书》里呢？
4. 讲稿里对比了 Whistler 和后来的发现者。Whistler 没看出恐龙骨头的重要性，这跟当时化石变得越来越重要（inescapable importance）有啥矛盾？为啥说他很 'unfortunate'？
5. 既然化石证据已经这么明显了，为啥美国人在19世纪初还是错过了发现恐龙的机会？是运气不好还是当时科学界对化石的价值有误解？

1. In the transcript, it says 'Genesis applied only to the most recent inundation'. Does 'apply to' here mean 'be applicable to' rather than 'use'? Can you give more examples of this usage?
2. The text mentions 'inescapable importance'. Since the prefix 'in-' means negative, does 'inescapable' mean 'unable to escape' or 'unavoidable'?
3. Cuvier argued that God didn't want Moses to know about previous floods. Why does he think God intentionally hid these extinction events instead of letting Moses record them in the Pentateuch?
4. The transcript contrasts Whistler with later discoverers. Whistler failed to see the significance of his dinosaur bones. What is the contradiction between this and the 'inescapable importance' of fossils at that time? Why is it considered 'unfortunate'?
5. Given that fossil evidence was becoming so obvious, why did Americans still miss the opportunity to discover dinosaurs in the early 19th century? Was it bad luck or a misunderstanding of the value of fossils?

1 00:00:05,260 --> 00:00:08,480 Clearly,there was more to extinctions than could be 2 00:00:08,480 --> 00:00:09,180 accounted accounted for， 3 00:00:09,540 --> 00:00:11,320 by a single，Novacian，deluge， 4 00:00:11,540 --> 00:00:12,980 as the，Biblical flood， 5 00:00:13,200 --> 00:00:15,640 was known.To be accounted accounted for， 6 00:00:15,820 --> 00:00:20,220 means to be，explained.Novacian 这个是 Noah， 7 00:00:20,260 --> 00:00:22,280 诺亚，的形容词。 8 00:00:22,400 --> 00:00:24,620 Novacian，deluge，指的是， 9 00:00:24,860 --> 00:00:27,540 诺亚时期的大洪水，deluge， 10 00:00:27,680 --> 00:00:31,300 means，great flood，As the biblical flood was known, 11 00:00:31,520 --> 00:00:34,920 biblical 是 Bible,B I B L E, 12 00:00:35,100 --> 00:00:40,320 圣经这个词的形容词 Biblical blood 指的是圣经里面 13 00:00:40,320 --> 00:00:41,560 记载的洪水, 14 00:00:41,680 --> 00:00:46,820 也就是诺亚时期的洪水 There was more two extinctions 15 00:00:46,820 --> 00:00:51,340 than could be accounted for 指的是关于灭绝, 16 00:00:51,460 --> 00:00:57,140 关于物种灭绝这么一件事呢绝不仅仅是单一的一次诺 17 00:00:57,140 --> 00:01:02,420 亚时期的大洪水所能够解释得了的因为有好多次的 18 00:01:02,420 --> 00:01:07,100 extinctions 就那么一次的 a single delugecould not 19 00:01:07,100 --> 00:01:12,120 explain these extinctions Couvier resolved the 20 00:01:12,120 --> 00:01:15,920 matter to his own satisfaction by suggesting that 21 00:01:15,920 --> 00:01:21,040 genesis applied only to the most recent inundation To 22 00:01:21,240 --> 00:01:25,960 resolve the matter means to find a satisfactory way to 23 00:01:25,960 --> 00:01:29,960 deal with the matter Genesis 就是前文说的 24 00:01:30,140 --> 00:01:31,600 圣经的第一章 25 00:01:31,780 --> 00:01:37,080 创世纪里边记载了多亚洪水的故事 Apply to 26 00:01:37,300 --> 00:01:44,180 这不是应用的意思而是指适用于我们多看两个例子 Do 27 00:01:44,180 --> 00:01:47,080 the same rules apply to part time workers? 28 00:01:47,080 --> 00:01:51,060 这些规定也适用于兼职员工吗? 29 00:01:51,140 --> 00:01:55,260 The offer only applies to flights from London and 30 00:01:55,260 --> 00:01:56,840 Manchester The 31 00:01:57,220 --> 00:02:00,460 offer only applies to flights from London and 32 00:02:00,460 --> 00:02:00,820 Manchester 33 00:02:01,520 --> 00:02:08,220 这项优惠只针对从伦敦和曼彻斯特出发的航班所以 34 00:02:08,440 --> 00:02:12,100 这里说的 Genesis applied only to the most recent 35 00:02:12,100 --> 00:02:18,820 inundation 指的是创世纪仅仅只提到最近的一次洪水 36 00:02:18,820 --> 00:02:24,640 这是居维叶给自己找了一个台阶下他找到了一个自己 37 00:02:24,640 --> 00:02:30,620 满意的解答也就是他认为呢创世纪里面其实只记载了 38 00:02:30,620 --> 00:02:35,540 最近的一次 flood 我们现在看到有三个词可以表示洪 39 00:02:35,540 --> 00:02:36,940 水 Inundation 40 00:02:38,640 --> 00:02:39,240 他 41 00:02:39,560 --> 00:02:51,520 说我们再看一下这 42 00:02:51,520 --> 00:02:54,580 个词中间包含着什么呢还是 43 00:02:54,680 --> 00:02:59,420 那个 relate 虽然变形比较厉害你不一定认得出来了 44 00:02:59,420 --> 00:03:00,360 relate 45 00:03:02,180 --> 00:03:10,160 意思是相关产生联系 relevant 是有关的相关的而这个 46 00:03:10,160 --> 00:03:14,820 ir 表示否定 irrelevant 是无关的 47 00:03:16,170 --> 00:03:19,710 it appeared means it seemed 看 48 00:03:20,160 --> 00:03:26,940 来呢上帝是不想让那些更早发生的无关的物种灭绝事 49 00:03:26,940 --> 00:03:30,980 件来分散摩西的注意力并 50 00:03:31,140 --> 00:03:36,380 且让他感到恐惧 to alarm him 就是让他感到警觉警惕 51 00:03:37,560 --> 00:03:43,820 也就是说上帝只想让摩西了解一次的洪水就是 No Way 52 00:03:43,820 --> 00:03:49,180 Can Deluge 其他的上帝认为不相干不想让他知道免得 53 00:03:49,180 --> 00:03:54,040 他分散注意力免得他形成不必要的恐惧好了 54 00:03:54,260 --> 00:03:59,800 现在摩西这个人跟这个事件到底又有什么关系呢为什 55 00:03:59,800 --> 00:04:05,080 么说上帝不想让摩西知道先前发生的洪水或者灭绝事 56 00:04:05,080 --> 00:04:09,660 件那么圣经里面就没有记载这些洪水和灭绝的事件呢 57 00:04:09,660 --> 00:04:16,360 这是因为摩西是上帝的使者传说摩西接受上帝的启示 58 00:04:16,360 --> 00:04:20,160 撰写了摩西五书 The Five Books of Moses 59 00:04:20,700 --> 00:04:23,180 这是圣经最初的经典 60 00:04:23,700 --> 00:04:29,520 所以如果摩西接受的上帝的启示里面没有提到以往发 61 00:04:29,520 --> 00:04:34,440 生的洪水那么摩西五书里面就不会记载人们也就不会 62 00:04:34,440 --> 00:04:40,280 知道了这是这位居维叶先生做出的推断他觉得这样解 63 00:04:40,280 --> 00:04:44,380 释得通那这个摩西本人的故事是记载在 64 00:04:44,600 --> 00:04:45,440 出埃及记 65 00:04:45,620 --> 00:04:49,120 里边我推荐大家看两部电影一部是 66 00:04:49,300 --> 00:04:53,260 十戒还有是埃及王子两部都特别好看 67 00:04:53,480 --> 00:04:53,980 十戒 68 00:04:54,020 --> 00:04:58,390 还赢得了很多项的奥斯卡奖虽然历史已经是很悠久但 69 00:04:58,390 --> 00:05:00,520 是还是非常好看的 So 70 00:05:01,580 --> 00:05:06,280 by the early years of the 19th centuryfossils had taken 71 00:05:06,280 --> 00:05:10,240 on a certain inescapable importancewhich makes 72 00:05:10,240 --> 00:05:13,160 Wister's failure to see the significance of his 73 00:05:13,160 --> 00:05:17,700 dinosaur bone all the more unfortunateinescapable 74 00:05:17,860 --> 00:05:23,550 大家要看到 escape 是逃脱逃离的意思 inescapable 就 75 00:05:23,550 --> 00:05:28,300 是不可逃离的也就是不可避免的所以 76 00:05:28,650 --> 00:05:35,150 在 19 世纪最初的那几年里化石就已经拥有了非常重要 77 00:05:35,150 --> 00:05:39,410 的地位了就不可避免地拥有了重要地位而这个 78 00:05:39,410 --> 00:05:45,010 Whistler 没能够看出他先前手上拥有的恐龙化石的重 79 00:05:45,010 --> 00:05:49,090 要性就没能够看出什么玄机就是 do not make anything 80 00:05:49,090 --> 00:05:55,500 of it 这一点在现在看来实在是 unfortunate 确实是非 81 00:05:55,500 --> 00:05:57,450 常可惜非常遗憾的 82 00:06:07,910 --> 00:06:12,510 因为呢不管怎样突然间化石不断地被发现 83 00:06:16,190 --> 00:06:20,750 to clean the discovery of dinosaurs but all were wasted 84 00:06:20,750 --> 00:06:26,650 由于化石的不断出现还有好几次的机会都曾经出现过 85 00:06:27,380 --> 00:06:32,533 但是美国人并没有抓住这些机会要不然的话他们就可 86 00:06:32,533 --> 00:06:38,200 以成为第一个发现恐龙的人了有所有的这些机会都被 87 00:06:38,200 --> 00:06:39,300 浪费了