第6章 红牙利爪的科学 Science Red in Tooth and Claw · 第1讲
课程：《万物简史》慕课教程(WANWUJS001)主讲：余俊英副教授(数字人)词汇 34 条句型 4 条要点 0 条
二、核心词汇（34）
| 词条 | 释义 / 讲解 |
|---|
| enormous | adj. 巨大的。语境：found an enormous thigh bone（发现了一根巨大的腿骨）。 |
| thigh bone | n. 大腿骨。语境：sticking out of a stream bank（从河岸露出）。 |
| anatomist | n. 解剖学家。语境：the nation's leading anatomist（全国顶尖的解剖学家）。 |
| significance | n. 重要性、意义。语境：failed to recognize the bone's significance（未能认识到骨头的价值）。 |
| whopper | n. 庞然大物、巨物。语境：it was indeed a whopper（这确实是个大家伙）。 |
| in a froth of | 短语：处于……的狂热/激动中。语境：in a froth of excitement（处于兴奋狂热中）。 |
| constitution | n. 体格，健康状况。语境：指动物因有毒蒸汽导致体质虚弱。 |
| noxious | adj. 有毒的，有害的。语境：noxious vapors 指沼泽散发出的有毒蒸汽。 |
| virility | n. 男子气概，男性特征。语境：恶劣环境下印第安人缺乏男子气概。 |
| confide | v. 吐露秘密。语境：牛顿向知己密友 confide 心事。 |
| reproductive | adj. 繁殖的。语境：reproductive organs 指生殖器官。 |
| familiar with | adj. 对...熟悉。语境：指对美洲大陆地理环境了解不深。 |
| imposing | adj. 雄伟的，令人印象深刻的。语境：形容建筑或山脉高大壮观。 |
| rebuttal | n. 反驳。语境：杰斐逊在书中对布丰观点的愤怒反驳。 |
| Quadrupeds / Biped | Quadrupeds 四足动物（quad-四）；Biped 两足动物（bi-二）。 |
| Specify | 明确说明，详细规定。例：specify the amount needed 明确所需数量。 |
| A rack of antlers | 一对鹿角。Rack 在此特指成对的角，不可用复数。 |
| Bewildering / Puzzling | 令人困惑的，难以理解的。形容发现恐龙化石却未引起注意的反常现象。 |
| Incognito | 隐姓埋名的，身份不明的。此处指不知名的史前生物。 |
| Carried away | 失去自制力，被冲昏头脑。例：carried away by the victory 被胜利冲昏头脑。 |
| Agility | 敏捷，灵活。形容词为 Agile。 |
| Feline | 猫科的。源自拉丁语，区别于英语 native word 'cat'。类似有 canine (犬科的)。 |
| be forced into | 被强行装入/塞入。语境：早期修复者因缺乏证据，强行将獠牙装进头骨。 |
| inventive | 有创意的，独创的。语境：形容修复者为了组装化石而想出的各种奇特方法。 |
| Restorer | 修复者。源自动词restore（恢复），指将化石恢复原貌的人。 |
| Saber-toothed Cat | 剑齿猫（常误称剑齿虎）。Saber指军刀，形容其长如军刀的獠牙。 |
| aggressive | 好斗的，凶猛的。语境：倒装獠牙让动物看起来极具攻击性。 |
| aquatic | 水生的。词根aqu-与水有关，如aquarium（水族馆）。 |
| incontestably | 无可争辩地。in-（否定）+contest（争论）+ably，指确定无疑的。 |
| degenerate | 退化的。指生物特征一代不如一代，此处指布丰认为巨型动物已退化。 |
| Lumbering | adj. 笨重地移动；缓慢笨拙地行走。源自 lumber（木材），形容像搬运木材一样沉重迟缓。 |
| Formal description | n. 正式描述。在生物分类学中，指对物种特征进行科学、规范的书面记录。 |
| Mastodon | n. 乳齿象。古生物名，意为“nipple teeth”（乳头状牙齿），因其臼齿表面有乳突状尖峰而得名。 |
| Mammoth | n. 猛犸象。与乳齿象不同，猛犸象并非现代大象的直接祖先，体型更大，毛发更浓密。 |
三、句型与语法点（4）
| 要点 | 说明 |
|---|
| to the effect that | 短语：大意是……，意思是……。用于概括说话者的主要意图而非原话。 |
| It is puzzling that... | 句型：It作形式主语，真正主语是that从句。意为“……令人费解”。 |
| Thus became... | Thus (adv.) 因此，从而。连接前后因果，表示因为做了前文动作，从而获得了某种身份或结果。 |
| Although... but... | 中文常连用“虽然...但是...”，英文中 although/but 二选一。此处隐含对比逻辑：有亲缘关系但非同一物种。 |
四、课堂讨论题
1. 老师，讲稿里提到发现大腿骨的人是谁？为什么现在大家都不知道他的名字了？
2. 那个叫Wister的解剖学家发现骨头后，为什么只是轻描淡写地说它是'whopper'（庞然大物），而没能认出它是恐龙？
3. 'Hedrosaur'和'Duck-billed Dinosaur'指的是同一种生物吗？为什么一个用拉丁文，一个用英文描述？
4. 既然当时美国人对大型古生物化石非常狂热（in a froth of excitement），为什么这根刚发现的骨头反而没引起什么兴趣，甚至最后被弄丢了？
5. Buffon那个观点说新大陆（美洲）的生物比旧大陆（欧洲）的低等，这跟后来人们发现巨大恐龙骨头的事实是不是矛盾？为什么作者觉得这个观点很'奇怪'（strange assertion）？
五、Discussion Questions (English)
1. Who was the person who found the thigh bone, and why is his name forgotten now?
2. Why did the anatomist Wister just call the bone a 'whopper' and fail to recognize it as a dinosaur?
3. Do 'Hedrosaur' and 'Duck-billed Dinosaur' refer to the same thing? Why is one in Latin and the other in English?
4. Since Americans were so excited about ancient animal remains at that time, why didn't this newly found bone attract any attention and eventually get lost?
5. Buffon claimed that creatures in the New World were inferior to those in the Old World. Doesn't this contradict the discovery of giant dinosaur bones? Why does the author call his view a 'strange assertion'?
六、听力 / 讲稿全文
1
00:00:09,220 --> 00:00:12,640
Chapter 6 Science,
2
00:00:12,940 --> 00:00:16,380
Red in Tooth and Claw Claw 就是这样的爪子
3
00:00:16,990 --> 00:00:20,750
从这个题目就可以看出来科学界在这个时候争斗到了
4
00:00:20,750 --> 00:00:26,770
什么样的情况牙齿爪子都用上了而且是朝朝见红 In
5
00:00:28,820 --> 00:00:31,420
1787,some in New Jersey,
6
00:00:31,560 --> 00:00:33,920
exactly who now seems to be forgotten,
7
00:00:34,240 --> 00:00:37,580
found an enormous thigh bone sticking out of a string
8
00:00:37,580 --> 00:00:39,940
bank at a place called Woodbury Creek
9
00:00:40,500 --> 00:00:42,920
New Jersey 是美国的地名,
10
00:00:43,020 --> 00:00:45,460
Jersey 是英国地名,而 New Jersey
11
00:00:45,580 --> 00:00:48,080
指的就是美洲的一个地方这种情况,
12
00:00:48,300 --> 00:00:51,700
我们之前有遇到过,比如说 York 是英国地名,
13
00:00:51,800 --> 00:00:57,820
那么 New York 是美国的从欧洲移民到美洲的人常常会
14
00:00:57,820 --> 00:01:02,040
把自己家乡自己比较熟悉的这些地名用来命名这个新
15
00:01:02,040 --> 00:01:03,480
的地点那
16
00:01:03,770 --> 00:01:08,550
在新哲西有这么一个人这个人到底是谁现在已经是被
17
00:01:08,550 --> 00:01:12,230
人遗忘了也不知道是谁了 He found an enormous thigh
18
00:01:12,230 --> 00:01:16,630
bone sticking out of a string bank Thigh 是大腿 Thigh
19
00:01:16,630 --> 00:01:21,510
bone 就是大腿的腿骨在这个 Woodbury Creek 这个小溪
20
00:01:21,510 --> 00:01:25,430
边发现一条巨大的腿骨从地里面露出来
21
00:01:30,500 --> 00:01:35,340
这个骨头呢很明显它不属于现在还活着的也就是现在
22
00:01:35,340 --> 00:01:38,240
还存在的任何一种物种
23
00:01:38,760 --> 00:01:43,660
肯定不是在新泽西这边存在的物种
24
00:01:51,150 --> 00:01:51,590
根
25
00:01:51,660 --> 00:01:56,540
据我们现在所掌握的那么一点点就很少的那么一点点
26
00:01:56,540 --> 00:02:00,680
信息我们可以判断这个骨头应该是属于 Hedrosaur
27
00:02:00,680 --> 00:02:05,260
Hedrosaur 的意思就是 Large Duck billed Dinosaur 就是
28
00:02:05,260 --> 00:02:11,020
鸭嘴龙 billed 指的是鸟类的会鸟类的嘴巴叫 billed
29
00:02:12,220 --> 00:02:17,400
我们可以看到这个嘴巴是又宽又扁又厚
30
00:02:19,030 --> 00:02:22,740
那这个 Hedrosaur 跟 Duck billed Dinosaur 这两个指的
31
00:02:22,740 --> 00:02:27,050
是同样的东西但是 Hedrosaur 是它的拉丁文的名称
32
00:02:27,050 --> 00:02:30,090
Adopted Dinosaur 可以算是英文名字了
33
00:02:30,840 --> 00:02:32,980
At the time dinosaurs were unknown
34
00:02:33,580 --> 00:02:37,820
不过在那个时候大家都还没听说过 Dinosaur 这么一回
35
00:02:37,820 --> 00:02:38,040
事
36
00:02:39,020 --> 00:02:40,620
The bone was sent to Dr.
37
00:02:40,700 --> 00:02:44,440
Caspar Vista the nation's leading anatomist who
38
00:02:44,440 --> 00:02:46,580
described it at a meeting of the American
39
00:02:46,580 --> 00:02:49,600
Philosophical Society in Philadelphia that autumn
40
00:02:50,370 --> 00:02:56,310
这个骨头呢就被送到了 C aspar Vista 那里他是权威的
41
00:02:56,310 --> 00:03:03,970
解剖学家后来他在费城举行的一次美国哲学协会召开
42
00:03:03,970 --> 00:03:06,650
的一个会议里面描述过这根骨头
43
00:03:06,740 --> 00:03:09,060
遗憾的是 Unf ortunately,
44
00:03:09,400 --> 00:03:13,100
Wister failed completely to recognize the bone's
45
00:03:13,100 --> 00:03:17,880
significance 他完全没有认识到这根骨头的重要价值
46
00:03:17,880 --> 00:03:22,180
And merely made a few cautious and uninspired remarks
47
00:03:22,180 --> 00:03:27,380
to the effect that it was indeed a whopperuninspired 我
48
00:03:27,380 --> 00:03:31,960
们其实之前见过 inspire 这个词再看一下 to inspire
49
00:03:31,960 --> 00:03:36,040
means to give someone the idea for something 是给别人
50
00:03:36,040 --> 00:03:41,300
灵感激发灵感 inspire the story was inspired by a
51
00:03:41,300 --> 00:03:46,740
transmitting with an old dude 故事的灵感来自与一个
52
00:03:46,740 --> 00:03:52,440
老公爵的偶遇 uninspired 指的就是他的这个想法没有
53
00:03:52,440 --> 00:03:57,800
获得过任何的灵感没有获得过任何的激发所以是毫无
54
00:03:57,800 --> 00:04:02,040
创建的 to the effect that means with the general
55
00:04:02,040 --> 00:04:07,260
meaning that 也就是他这个 remark 他原话这里就不写
56
00:04:07,260 --> 00:04:11,880
了或者说原话也记不清了大意是 to the effect that 比
57
00:04:11,880 --> 00:04:15,580
如说这句 he said something to the effect that he was
58
00:04:15,580 --> 00:04:16,060
sorry
59
00:04:17,000 --> 00:04:21,980
他说了一些话大概意思就是说他很抱歉但他有没有用
60
00:04:21,980 --> 00:04:25,740
sorry 这个词我们并不确定只是他是这个意思
61
00:04:27,160 --> 00:04:32,320
a whopper 其实我们在第一章就有见过了就是庞然大物
62
00:04:32,320 --> 00:04:37,780
所以他只是非常小心的但是又毫无创建的毫无真知所
63
00:04:37,780 --> 00:04:41,920
见的就是这么说了一下这个骨头好大 He
64
00:04:42,970 --> 00:04:46,250
thus missed the chancehalf a century ahead of anyone
65
00:04:46,250 --> 00:04:51,290
else to be the discoverer of dinosaurs 所以它就这样错
66
00:04:51,290 --> 00:04:56,730
失了比别人提早半个世纪发现恐龙的这个机会
67
00:05:05,130 --> 00:05:12,090
当时这个骨头 excited means aroused so little
68
00:05:12,090 --> 00:05:16,130
interest 引起很少很少的兴趣
69
00:05:16,970 --> 00:05:22,230
几乎就是没有引起人们的什么兴趣所以它就被丢到一
70
00:05:22,230 --> 00:05:26,430
个仓库里边 and finally disappeared altogether 后来
71
00:05:26,430 --> 00:05:31,570
就这么给丢了 so the first dinosaur bone ever found was
72
00:05:31,570 --> 00:05:36,850
also the first to be lost 所以这是第一根被找到的恐龙
73
00:05:36,850 --> 00:05:40,210
骨头也是第一根被搞丢的 That
74
00:05:41,750 --> 00:05:45,490
the bone didn't attract greater interest is more than a
75
00:05:45,490 --> 00:05:49,150
little puzzling for its appearance came at a time when
76
00:05:49,150 --> 00:05:52,170
America was in a froth of excitementabout the remains
77
00:05:52,170 --> 00:05:54,130
of large ancient animals
78
00:05:55,180 --> 00:05:59,300
that the bone didn't attract greater interest 整个是
79
00:05:59,300 --> 00:06:04,720
主语就是整个句子是主语这是一个主语同句就这根骨
80
00:06:04,720 --> 00:06:09,880
头居然没有引起更大的兴趣这一点 is more than just a
81
00:06:09,880 --> 00:06:13,920
little puzzling this means it is very puzzling 是非常
82
00:06:13,920 --> 00:06:19,980
令人费解 because it appeared at a time when America was
83
00:06:19,980 --> 00:06:23,600
very excited about the bones of large ancient
84
00:06:23,600 --> 00:06:27,620
animalsfroth 就是这样的泡沫
85
00:06:27,700 --> 00:06:32,680
泡泡叫 froth in a froth of excitement 指的就是当时整
86
00:06:32,680 --> 00:06:36,780
个美国处于这种疯狂的状态大家都非常的激动
87
00:06:36,840 --> 00:06:39,140
非常感兴趣他们
88
00:06:39,430 --> 00:06:42,390
兴趣的是什么呢 about the remains of large ancient
89
00:06:42,390 --> 00:06:47,310
animals Remains 我们之前是有学过的就是遗骸残骸,
90
00:06:47,370 --> 00:06:49,330
主要就是纸骨头。
91
00:06:50,930 --> 00:06:54,890
The cause of this froth was a
……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）
本素材由艾智语途工场自动整理，仅供教学使用。配套视频：https://www.icclass.cn/VideoPlayer_ECom?id=10429
七、课堂练习（AI 生成）
1. 在课堂练习中，老师想表达“恐龙化石的发现却未引起注意这一现象令人费解”，应使用以下哪个句型？
A. A. It is puzzling that...
B. B. It is significant that...
C. C. It is imposing that...
D. D. It is aggressive that...
答案：A · 根据板书要点，It is puzzling that... 意为“……令人费解”，其中It作形式主语，that从句为真正主语。
2. 老师讲解报告内容时指出，该报告的大意是“早期修复者因缺乏证据而强行将獠牙装进头骨”，此处应选用哪个短语来概括主要意图？
A. A. to the effect that
B. B. in a froth of
C. C. be forced into
D. D. carried away by
答案：A · 板书指出 to the effect that 用于概括说话者的主要意图而非原话，意为“大意是……”。
3. 在古生物分类词汇辨析中，老师强调哪种动物因臼齿表面有乳突状尖峰而得名，意为“乳头状牙齿”？
A. A. Mammoth
B. B. Mastodon
C. C. Saber-toothed Cat
D. D. Quadrupeds
答案：B · 根据材料，Mastodon（乳齿象）意为“nipple teeth”（乳头状牙齿），因其臼齿表面有乳突状尖峰而得名。
4. 老师提醒同学们注意中英文表达差异，在英文中表达“虽然……但是……”的逻辑时，下列哪个用法是正确的？
A. A. Although... but...
B. B. Although... yet...
C. C. Although... / ...
D. D. Because... so...
答案：C · 板书明确指出英文中 although/but 二选一，不能像中文一样连用。
5. 老师在讲解动物科属词汇时指出，Feline 一词源自拉丁语，专门用来指代哪一类动物？
A. A. 犬科的
B. B. 猫科的
C. C. 水生的
D. D. 四足动物的
答案：B · 板书说明 Feline 意为猫科的，源自拉丁语，区别于英语 native word 'cat'。