第6章 红牙利爪的科学 Science Red in Tooth and Claw · 第1讲S5

1. 讲稿里说居维耶能把散落的骨头 'whip into shapely forms'，这里的 whip 和 shapely 具体是啥意思？能举个日常生活中的例子吗？
2. 文中提到 'disarticulated bones' 和 'scrap of jaw'，这两个词在描述骨头时有什么细微的区别？为什么用 scrap 比 full jaw 更强调他的厉害？
3. 居维耶（Cuvier）和斯库维尔（Scoville）在讲稿里都提到了，他们俩在古生物学领域都是 'rising star' 吗？还是说只有居维耶是？
4. 为什么讲稿里说居维耶把猛犸象（Mammoth）命名为 'mastodon' 是 'unexpectedly'？这两个象到底有啥不同，为啥不能混为一谈？
5. 如果居维耶能根据一根牙齿就推断出动物的 'look and nature'，那现在有了 DNA 技术，这种基于骨骼的判断方法还有用吗？还是说已经被取代了？

1. The transcript says Cuvier could 'whip into shapely forms' scattered bones; what exactly do 'whip' and 'shapely' mean here, and can you give me a daily life example?
2. The text mentions 'disarticulated bones' and 'scrap of jaw'; what's the subtle difference between these two when describing bones, and why does using 'scrap' highlight his genius more than a full jaw?
3. Both Cuvier and Scoville are mentioned in the transcript; are they both considered 'rising stars' in paleontology, or is it just Cuvier?
4. Why does the transcript say naming the Mammoth as 'mastodon' was 'unexpectedly'? What's the actual difference between these two, and why can't they be confused?
5. If Cuvier could deduce an animal's 'look and nature' from a single tooth, is this bone-based method still useful with modern DNA technology, or has it been replaced?

1 00:00:08,660 --> 00:00:10,380 Raphone died in 1788, 2 00:00:10,740 --> 00:00:12,500 but the controversy rolled on. 3 00:00:12,660 --> 00:00:14,260 Rolled on means continued, 4 00:00:14,760 --> 00:00:16,820 像球一样,继续向前滚动。 5 00:00:16,960 --> 00:00:18,280 In 1795, 6 00:00:18,620 --> 00:00:21,120 a selection of bones made their way to Paris, 7 00:00:21,380 --> 00:00:24,280 where they were examined by the rising star of 8 00:00:24,280 --> 00:00:25,060 paleontology, 9 00:00:25,200 --> 00:00:28,160 the youthful and aristocratic George Skuvia. 10 00:00:28,560 --> 00:00:30,200 到了 1795 年, 11 00:00:30,340 --> 00:00:33,920 有一组的骨头 made their way to Paris means was somehow 12 00:00:33,920 --> 00:00:36,880 taken to Paris,where they were examined 13 00:00:37,260 --> 00:00:39,180 由这个人来审视 14 00:00:39,260 --> 00:00:44,140 来检查或者研究 Rising star of paleontology 15 00:00:44,260 --> 00:00:47,320 古生物学的猩猩 The 16 00:00:47,380 --> 00:00:50,720 youthful and aristocratic George Scoville 那就是年 17 00:00:50,720 --> 00:00:52,700 轻的贵族 George Scoville 18 00:00:52,900 --> 00:00:57,130 中文是居为业 Scoville was already dazzling people 19 00:00:57,130 --> 00:01:00,590 with his genius for taking heaps of disarticulated 20 00:01:00,590 --> 00:01:05,410 bones and whipping them into shapely forms Dazzle here 21 00:01:05,410 --> 00:01:06,730 means amaze, 22 00:01:06,830 --> 00:01:13,020 amazing people Dazzle 的原意是让人目眩神秘的 If a 23 00:01:13,020 --> 00:01:16,540 bright light dazzles you it stops you from seeing 24 00:01:16,540 --> 00:01:19,940 things properly for a short time it somehow blinds you 25 00:01:19,940 --> 00:01:24,780 让人目眩所以这里指的是他的这个 genius Cubier 具备 26 00:01:24,780 --> 00:01:26,340 了一种天才的本领 27 00:01:27,200 --> 00:01:30,240 简直是让人目眩就让人都惊呆了 28 00:01:30,980 --> 00:01:34,960 这个本领就是就是 taking heaps of disarticulated 29 00:01:34,960 --> 00:01:39,220 bonesdisarticulated means disconnected 散落的 30 00:01:39,260 --> 00:01:41,100 零碎的这些骨头它 31 00:01:41,580 --> 00:01:42,620 可以把它 whip 32 00:01:43,100 --> 00:01:47,380 into shapely forms to whip into forms means to force 33 00:01:47,380 --> 00:01:51,360 them to take on a certain shape 就是把它组装成 34 00:01:53,630 --> 00:01:58,150 而且它能够拼凑成 shapely formsshapely means having 35 00:01:58,150 --> 00:02:01,690 nice shapes 也就是形状很优美的 36 00:02:01,780 --> 00:02:05,380 The setter was about five feet high and very shapely. 37 00:02:05,840 --> 00:02:09,620 树形很优美,我们也可以用 shapely 来形容身体, 38 00:02:09,720 --> 00:02:13,140 比如说 shapely legs,就是很优美的腿型。 39 00:02:13,620 --> 00:02:16,540 居维耶有一项惊人的天才本领, 40 00:02:16,660 --> 00:02:21,280 能够把一堆零碎的骨头迅速拼凑成有模有样的骨架。 41 00:02:21,620 --> 00:02:22,060 It 42 00:02:23,210 --> 00:02:25,930 was said that he could describe the look and nature of an 43 00:02:25,930 --> 00:02:28,770 animal from a single tooth or scrap of jaw, 44 00:02:28,990 --> 00:02:32,430 and often named the species and gen us into the bargain. 45 00:02:32,970 --> 00:02:35,830 说它只要根据一根牙齿, 46 00:02:35,930 --> 00:02:40,850 甚至只是 scrap of jaw,jaw 是长牙齿的那块骨头, 47 00:02:40,910 --> 00:02:44,330 就是上下颌骨,scrap 只是一个碎片, 48 00:02:44,450 --> 00:02:46,130 还不是完整的一个 jaw, 49 00:02:46,350 --> 00:02:48,910 它就能够根据这么一点点的信息, 50 00:02:48,990 --> 00:02:52,110 能够 describe the look and nature of an animal, 51 00:02:52,230 --> 00:02:54,150 能够判断一个动物, 52 00:02:55,280 --> 00:02:57,140 并且能够说出它的 nature, 53 00:02:57,300 --> 00:02:58,900 就是它的生活习性。 54 00:02:58,900 --> 00:02:59,700 and 55 00:02:59,890 --> 00:03:03,870 often name the species and gen us into the bargaininto 56 00:03:03,870 --> 00:03:08,410 the bargain means besides 除此之外他还能够说出这个 57 00:03:10,750 --> 00:03:15,310 species 和 gen us 是动物分类学的名字科 58 00:03:16,080 --> 00:03:20,100 学家把生物分门别类分为界门纲动 59 00:03:37,540 --> 00:03:42,750 物就是都有一根脊柱的又是几所动物门中的鸟纲 60 00:03:43,070 --> 00:03:47,460 鸟纲中的鹤形目鹤形目中的鹤科中 61 00:03:48,900 --> 00:03:53,620 庸是鶴属底下的这个丹顶鹤这个种丹顶鹤就是 62 00:03:54,580 --> 00:03:59,140 那这个英文的对应过来是这样的界就是 kindle 63 00:03:59,820 --> 00:04:01,660 门是 phylum 是 64 00:04:09,280 --> 00:04:10,980 species 所以 65 00:04:11,300 --> 00:04:19,700 它非常厉害仅仅是根据一根骨 realizing that no one in 66 00:04:19,700 --> 00:04:20,780 America had hoped 67 00:04:21,160 --> 00:04:24,240 to write a formal description of the lumbering beast 68 00:04:24,240 --> 00:04:27,800 Kil be are did so and thus became its official 69 00:04:27,800 --> 00:04:33,120 discovererrealizing that 这个主语还是 cuvier 就是 70 00:04:33,120 --> 00:04:35,460 居为业他意识到没有 71 00:04:36,380 --> 00:04:37,840 人想到去 72 00:04:37,880 --> 00:04:42,240 喂这个 lumbering beastlumbering means moving in a 73 00:04:42,240 --> 00:04:47,820 clumsy way 就是由于身体很笨重移动的时候非常的缓 74 00:04:47,820 --> 00:04:53,780 慢笨拙的 lumbering beast 指的就是像大象这样的没有 75 00:04:54,170 --> 00:04:59,030 人为他们写过一个 formal description 没有人正式的 76 00:04:59,030 --> 00:05:02,550 去描述过他们所以他就这么做了 He did so, 77 00:05:02,690 --> 00:05:07,290 and thus became its official discoverer 那它就成为这 78 00:05:07,290 --> 00:05:10,690 个动物的正式的发现者 He 79 00:05:11,200 --> 00:05:15,200 called it a mastod onwhich means a touch unexpectedly 80 00:05:15,200 --> 00:05:17,460 nipple teeth 这个 81 00:05:17,490 --> 00:05:20,890 mastod on 是什么意思呢意思就是 nipple 这个 82 00:05:23,360 --> 00:05:27,600 显得有点 unexpectedly 这个有点出人意 83 00:05:28,560 --> 00:05:31,080 因为这个 mastod on 其实是非常凶猛 84 00:05:31,330 --> 00:05:35,150 那这个 mastod on 也就是前面说过的 The Great American 85 00:05:35,150 --> 00:05:38,150 Incognito 就是不明生分的那个 86 00:05:43,180 --> 00:05:50,670 而是如此象 Mastod on and Mammoth are different 它们之 87 00:05:50,670 --> 00:05:54,110 间虽然有亲缘关系但是它并不是同一种 88 00:05:54,650 --> 00:06:00,370 这个如此象呢是现在大象的祖先孟马象并不是现在大 89 00:06:00,370 --> 00:06:02,510 象的祖先体型也差不多 90 00:06:07,150 --> 00:06:07,810 Alright, 91 00:06:07,990 --> 00:06:10,470 this is the end of today's session and let's meet again 92 00:06:10,470 --> 00:06:11,450 next time Bye