第6章 红牙利爪的科学 Science Red in Tooth and Claw · 第1讲S4

1. 老师，讲稿里说美国自然学家们 'carried away' 了，这个短语具体是什么意思呀？就像例句里 'carried away by the victory' 也是这个用法吗？
2. 为什么化石旁边找到的爪子其实属于 'megalonyx'（巨爪地懒），但大家却误以为是猛犸象的？这里提到的 'ground sloth' 和现在的树懒 'sloth' 有啥区别？
3. 讲稿里提到 'feline' 是猫科，'canine' 是犬科，但英语里猫是 'cat' 狗是 'dog'，为什么描述生物类别时要用拉丁词根 'feline' 和 'canine' 呢？
4. 为什么修复者要把猛犸象的长牙 'screwed in upside down'（倒着装）？这样做是为了让它看起来像 'saber-toothed cat'（剑齿猫）从而显得更 'aggressive'（凶猛）吗？
5. 有人把长牙弯曲向后装，是为了迎合 'aquatic'（水生）理论，觉得它们能用来锚定自己。这个理论后来为什么被布丰（Buffon）用来证明动物是 'degenerated'（退化）的呢？

1. Teacher, the transcript says the American naturalists were 'carried away'. What does this phrase mean exactly? Is it the same usage as in the example 'carried away by the victory'?
2. Why did people mistakenly think the claws found near the fossils belonged to the mammoth, when they actually came from a 'megalonyx'? What's the difference between the 'ground sloth' mentioned here and the modern tree-dwelling 'sloth'?
3. The transcript mentions 'feline' for felines and 'canine' for canines, but we say 'cat' and 'dog' in daily English. Why do we use the Latin roots 'feline' and 'canine' when describing animal categories?
4. Why did the restorer screw the mammoth's tusks upside down? Was it to make it look like a 'saber-toothed cat' and appear more 'aggressive'?
5. Someone curved the tusks backward to fit the 'aquatic' theory, thinking they could anchor the creature. Why did Buffon use this specific theory as evidence that animals were 'degenerated'?

1 00:00:08,910 --> 00:00:12,090 In their keenness to demonstrate the incommittance, 2 00:00:12,350 --> 00:00:13,570 bulk and ferocity, 3 00:00:13,730 --> 00:00:16,590 the American naturalist appeared to have become 4 00:00:16,590 --> 00:00:20,470 slightly carried away.Bulk means the great size, 5 00:00:20,850 --> 00:00:26,170 ferocity means fierceness.美国人非常急于 keen, 6 00:00:26,370 --> 00:00:31,870 迫切地想要表明这个不明身份的史前生物, 7 00:00:31,930 --> 00:00:35,570 应该是非常的庞大,是一个庞然大物, 8 00:00:35,670 --> 00:00:37,050 而且非常凶猛。 9 00:00:37,050 --> 00:00:40,850 那结果这些 American naturalist 就有点开始 be come 10 00:00:40,850 --> 00:00:44,950 slightly carried away to be carried away means to lose 11 00:00:44,950 --> 00:00:51,180 self control 有点失去自我控制了被冲昏头脑了那比 12 00:00:51,180 --> 00:00:54,530 如说这个例句 he was rather carried away by the victory 13 00:00:54,530 --> 00:00:59,630 他有点被胜利冲昏头脑了也就是说这个他们做的有点 14 00:00:59,630 --> 00:01:03,530 过头了他们太努力的想去证明 the incogn itum's bulk 15 00:01:03,530 --> 00:01:06,710 and ferocity 结果做的有点过了 They 16 00:01:06,840 --> 00:01:12,300 overestimated its size by a factor of sixfactor 是系数 17 00:01:12,300 --> 00:01:18,740 也就是说要乘以六它们高估了这个生物的体型高估了 18 00:01:18,740 --> 00:01:23,640 六倍这也太夸张了 and gave it frightening claws 而且 19 00:01:23,640 --> 00:01:28,500 还给它们安上吓人的爪子那我们现在知道这个孟马像 20 00:01:28,500 --> 00:01:33,380 也好这个是没有那种 claws 但是它们当时不知道就认 21 00:01:33,380 --> 00:01:36,900 为这个 claws 就是它的 which in fact came from a 22 00:01:36,900 --> 00:01:42,180 megalonyx or giant ground sloth found nearby 其实这些 23 00:01:42,180 --> 00:01:47,800 爪子虽然是在这些骨骼化石旁边找到的但并不是它的 24 00:01:47,800 --> 00:01:54,940 这个骨骼是来自一种巨爪地蓝就是这个样子巨爪地蓝 25 00:01:55,580 --> 00:01:58,600 ground sloth 叫做 ground sloth 26 00:01:59,200 --> 00:02:00,860 这个算是英文名称 27 00:02:00,940 --> 00:02:07,680 这个是拉丁文名称这个 sloth 这种才是我们现在所说 28 00:02:07,680 --> 00:02:13,360 的住在树上的 sloth 动作非常的缓慢大家如果有看过 29 00:02:13,440 --> 00:02:14,380 疯狂动物城 30 00:02:14,420 --> 00:02:18,460 的话应该会对里面那个 sloth 印象很深刻还有我补充 31 00:02:18,460 --> 00:02:24,860 一下这个字就读作栏树栏或者地栏并不是读作塔不是 32 00:02:24,860 --> 00:02:29,420 款选棚的很多人以为那个要读作树塔其实就是树栏 33 00:02:29,420 --> 00:02:31,260 Rather remarkably Remarkably, 34 00:02:31,440 --> 00:02:35,060 they persuaded themselves that the animal had enjoyed 35 00:02:35,060 --> 00:02:37,880 the agility and ferocity of the tiger, 36 00:02:38,080 --> 00:02:41,640 and portrayed it in illustrations as pouncing with 37 00:02:41,640 --> 00:02:44,720 feline grace onto prey from boulders. 38 00:02:45,000 --> 00:02:46,440 Rather remarkably, 39 00:02:46,840 --> 00:02:49,200 remarkable 并不一定都是指很好, 40 00:02:49,560 --> 00:02:51,460 也就是它这里指的是 un usually, 41 00:02:51,640 --> 00:02:54,140 他们居然 persuaded themselves, 42 00:02:54,540 --> 00:02:59,480 自己说服自己,是这种动物呢 had enjoyed the agility 43 00:02:59,480 --> 00:03:04,040 and velocity of the tigeragility 我们之前学过这个词 44 00:03:04,040 --> 00:03:11,740 agile A G I L E to be agile means to be able to move quickly 45 00:03:11,740 --> 00:03:16,560 and easily 就是身手非常敏捷的他们认为这种动物拥 46 00:03:16,560 --> 00:03:22,140 有老虎的敏捷和凶猛那实际上呢这个 Mammoth 是比较 47 00:03:22,140 --> 00:03:24,260 笨拙的 and portrayed it in 48 00:03:24,260 --> 00:03:26,720 illustrationsillustrationsportray 这个字也见过 49 00:03:26,720 --> 00:03:33,380 几次它可以指描述描绘那在这里呢是指描绘绘画的意 50 00:03:33,380 --> 00:03:37,080 思因为后面这个 illustration 也跟大家说过可以有两 51 00:03:37,080 --> 00:03:41,920 个解释一个是插图还有一个就是文字的解释这里是指 52 00:03:41,920 --> 00:03:47,780 插图在插图里面描绘这种动物的时候就把它画得很敏 53 00:03:47,780 --> 00:03:52,580 捷一样的是 pouncing with feline grace on to prey from 54 00:03:52,580 --> 00:03:58,260 boaters 他们画的具有猫科动物的轻盈体态从巨石上 55 00:03:58,260 --> 00:04:04,460 一跃而下捕获猎物 Feline 指的是猫科的那大家可能觉 56 00:04:04,460 --> 00:04:08,040 得猫不是 C at 为什么又是 Feline 以后大家要熟悉这种 57 00:04:08,040 --> 00:04:12,200 情况 C at 只是英语的单词 Feline 是拉丁文的 58 00:04:12,910 --> 00:04:18,330 类似的还有 Canine 是犬类的犬比如说我们的牙齿 59 00:04:19,130 --> 00:04:25,470 萌芽的两侧有一对尖的牙齿那个就叫 canine teeth, 60 00:04:25,690 --> 00:04:26,730 叫犬齿 61 00:04:27,360 --> 00:04:32,260 还有牛,跟牛有关的是 bovineprey 是猎物了, 62 00:04:32,320 --> 00:04:35,180 boater 是大人石,大石头 t 63 00:04:36,880 --> 00:04:38,040 usks were discovered 64 00:04:38,420 --> 00:04:41,440 they were forced into the animal's heads in any number 65 00:04:41,440 --> 00:04:46,560 of inventive wayst usks 指的是大象的那种长长的牙, 66 00:04:46,640 --> 00:04:50,050 叫 t usk 当时找到这个 t usk, 67 00:04:50,150 --> 00:04:55,550 发现獠牙化石的时候人们并不知道它到底跟这个动物 68 00:04:55,550 --> 00:04:55,950 的头 69 00:04:55,980 --> 00:05:01,580 到底是什么样的位置关系因为所有的这些骨骼都是散 70 00:05:01,580 --> 00:05:05,840 落着的不是像我们在博物馆里面看到的那样是完整的 71 00:05:05,840 --> 00:05:09,120 一个动物骨骼的化石需要组装起来 72 00:05:09,650 --> 00:05:13,730 但是他们不知道到底要怎么装在这个动物的头上所以 73 00:05:13,730 --> 00:05:18,610 they were forced into forced into 就是被强行装进去 in 74 00:05:18,610 --> 00:05:22,950 any number of inventive ways inventive 指的是很有创 75 00:05:22,950 --> 00:05:27,990 意的于是大家就开动脑筋了就这样装还是那样装有各 76 00:05:27,990 --> 00:05:29,990 种的想法非常的 inventive 77 00:05:30,490 --> 00:05:35,290 one restorer screwed the tusks in upside downlike the 78 00:05:35,290 --> 00:05:38,430 fence of a saber toothed catwhich gave it a 79 00:05:38,430 --> 00:05:42,890 satisfyingly aggressive aspectrestorer 80 00:05:43,370 --> 00:05:44,090 要看它 81 00:05:44,570 --> 00:05:47,130 论词 restore 是恢复的意思 82 00:05:47,220 --> 00:05:50,140 restorer 指的就是就是企图把化 83 00:05:51,680 --> 00:05:53,500 石恢复成原貌的 84 00:05:56,410 --> 00:05:57,970 screwed 做 85 00:05:58,420 --> 00:06:02,320 名词的时候这个 screw 是螺丝钉所以这个做动词就是 86 00:06:02,320 --> 00:06:08,420 悬进去钻进去 fence 就是我先前跟大家说的 canine 87 00:06:08,420 --> 00:06:13,760 teeth 也就是猫啊狗啊蛇啊 88 00:06:14,470 --> 00:06:19,950 尖尖的那个牙齿我们人的这个 canine teeth 已经退化 89 00:06:19,950 --> 00:06:24,690 了基本上都不会很尖了 saber toothed cat 是什么呢 90 00:06:24,690 --> 00:06:27,340 saber Saber 军 91 00:06:28,080 --> 00:06:35,540 刀 Saber tooth the cat 是剑齿猫也就是它的那个牙看起 92 00:06:35,540 --> 00:06:41,020 来像是 saber 我们现在经常可能大概有听到剑齿虎实 93 00:06:41,180 --> 00:06:46,020 际上应该叫 Saber tooth the cat 剑齿猫但是这个剑齿猫 94 00:06:46,020 --> 00:06:48,920 当然不像是我们家猫那样了它 95 00:06:50 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）