第5章 敲石头的人 The Stone-Breakers · 第6讲

1. 老师，讲稿里说Lyell是“现代地质学之父”，但Hutton其实更早提出均变论，为什么大家印象里Lyell才是那个“父亲”呢？
2. Huxley把灾变论比作“不断翻桌子换一副新牌”的纸牌游戏，这个比喻具体是想嘲讽灾变论者的什么观点？
3. Lyell说灾变论是“精心培养懒惰，钝化好奇心”的教条（dogma），这里的“钝化好奇心”具体是指什么？为什么他会这么评价？
4. 讲稿提到Lyell也有“相当严重的疏忽”（oversights were considerable），具体指他忽略了哪些地质现象？这和他坚持的均变论有什么关系？
5. 既然Lyell的理论也有漏洞，为什么他还能成为当时地质学的主流？这对我们理解科学理论的发展有什么启示？

1. The script mentions Lyell is the 'Father of Modern Geological Thought,' but Hutton proposed uniformitarianism earlier. Why do most people think Lyell is the real 'father'?
2. Huxley mocked catastrophism by comparing it to a card game where players keep overturning the table for a new pack. What specific point about catastrophists was he trying to ridicule with this metaphor?
3. Lyell called catastrophism a dogma that 'fosters indolence and blunts the keen edge of curiosity.' What does 'blunting curiosity' mean here, and why did he evaluate it this way?
4. The script states Lyell had 'considerable oversights.' What specific geological processes did he ignore or fail to explain, and how does this relate to his uniformitarian theory?
5. Given that Lyell's theory had flaws, why did it become the mainstream? What insights does this provide for understanding the development of scientific theories?

1 00:00:08,720 --> 00:00:09,340 Hello 2 00:00:13,310 --> 00:00:15,110 everyone,welcome back. 3 00:00:15,700 --> 00:00:18,170 We will continue to read about the battle between 4 00:00:18,170 --> 00:00:22,090 Catastrophism and Uniformitarianism and we'll also 5 00:00:22,090 --> 00:00:24,830 learn a little bit of geographical timescale. 6 00:00:25,200 --> 00:00:29,080 C atastrophists believe that the Earth was shaped by 7 00:00:29,080 --> 00:00:30,380 cataclysmic events, 8 00:00:30,720 --> 00:00:35,320 floods principally,Uniformitarians by contrast 9 00:00:35,320 --> 00:00:39,360 believed that changes on Earth were gradual and that 10 00:00:39,360 --> 00:00:43,060 nearly all Earth processes happened slowly over 11 00:00:43,060 --> 00:00:49,280 immense spans of time 主张均变论的人相信地球表面的 12 00:00:49,280 --> 00:00:55,400 改变是渐进的 Gradual 是慢慢的逐渐的改变的而不是 13 00:00:55,400 --> 00:01:00,440 像灾变论那样是一下子发生的变化 and that nearly all 14 00:01:00,440 --> 00:01:05,200 earth processes 地球上的各种进展各种变化过程几乎 15 00:01:05,200 --> 00:01:09,900 都非常的缓慢 happened slowly over immense spans of 16 00:01:09,900 --> 00:01:14,660 time 跨越的时间是非常的长 Hart on was much more the 17 00:01:14,660 --> 00:01:18,720 father of the notion than Lyell but it was Lyell most 18 00:01:18,720 --> 00:01:23,480 people read and so he became in most people's minds then 19 00:01:23,480 --> 00:01:27,180 and now the father of modern geological thought 20 00:01:28,350 --> 00:01:33,590 The father of the notion 指的就是这个理论的首创者是 21 00:01:33,590 --> 00:01:38,550 他第一个提出来的就比起 Lyle 实际上 Hart on 可以说是 22 00:01:38,550 --> 00:01:44,310 更早提出了这个观念但是呢人们一般都读 Lyle 写的书 23 00:01:44,310 --> 00:01:48,210 It was Lyle most people read And so he became in most 24 00:01:48,210 --> 00:01:52,550 people's minds 所以呢他就成了人们的心目当中不管 25 00:01:52,550 --> 00:01:56,970 是当时人们的心目当中还是现在人们的心目当中 The 26 00:01:56,970 --> 00:02:01,970 Father of Modern Geological Thought 现代地质学之父 27 00:02:01,970 --> 00:02:07,960 Lyle believed that the earth's shifts were uniform and 28 00:02:07,960 --> 00:02:11,880 steady that everything that had ever happened in the 29 00:02:11,880 --> 00:02:15,560 pastcould be explained by events still going on today 30 00:02:15,560 --> 00:02:22,860 Shifts means changes Lyle 相信地球上的各种变化过程 31 00:02:22,860 --> 00:02:25,160 是一致的稳定的 32 00:02:30,040 --> 00:02:38,640 过去曾经发生过的一切都可以从目前正在发生的事件 33 00:02:38,640 --> 00:02:42,180 中找到解释因为它们的过程是一样的 34 00:02:51,040 --> 00:02:53,620 之前我们在学到牛顿的时候 35 00:03:03,080 --> 00:03:10,200 牛顿是一个叫做阿里乌教的危险的异教教派的秘密信 36 00:03:10,200 --> 00:03:13,200 徒 The adherence means followers 37 00:03:13,600 --> 00:03:16,220 信徒追随者 To 38 00:03:16,380 --> 00:03:19,260 disdain something means to have no respect for 39 00:03:19,260 --> 00:03:23,220 somethingbecause you think they are not important or 40 00:03:23,220 --> 00:03:24,020 good enough 41 00:03:25,500 --> 00:03:29,800 Detest means to hate something or someone very much. 42 00:03:30,240 --> 00:03:35,720 Lyle 和他的拥护者不仅仅鄙视灾变论, 43 00:03:35,820 --> 00:03:39,100 他们对灾变论简直是深恶痛绝。 44 00:03:39,340 --> 00:03:39,980 C 45 00:03:41,360 --> 00:03:44,740 atastrophists believed that extinctions were part of 46 00:03:44,740 --> 00:03:48,600 a series in which animals were repeatedly wiped out and 47 00:03:48,600 --> 00:03:50,180 replaced with new sets, 48 00:03:50,180 --> 00:03:53,480 I believe that the naturalist T.H. 49 00:03:53,520 --> 00:03:57,340 Huxley mockingly likened to a succession of rubbers of 50 00:03:57,340 --> 00:03:57,660 waste, 51 00:03:57,840 --> 00:04:01,020 at the end of which the players upset the table and 52 00:04:01,020 --> 00:04:07,250 called for a new packextinctions 指的是物种灭绝猜辩 53 00:04:07,250 --> 00:04:12,790 论者相信物种灭绝是一系列变化过程中的一部分所谓 54 00:04:12,790 --> 00:04:14,170 的 series, 55 00:04:14,390 --> 00:04:18,130 一系列也就是 extinctions 是不断地发生的, 56 00:04:18,190 --> 00:04:24,410 不是只发生过一次 in which 在这个过程中 animals were 57 00:04:24,410 --> 00:04:28,630 repeatedly wiped outwiped out means completely 58 00:04:28,630 --> 00:04:30,730 destroyed or removed 59 00:04:31,890 --> 00:04:37,970 他们相信在这个过程中动物就是不断地被完全淘汰不 60 00:04:37,970 --> 00:04:43,890 断地灭亡然后 replaced with new sets 代之而起的是一 61 00:04:43,890 --> 00:04:45,070 批新的物种 62 00:04:45,790 --> 00:04:50,850 a belief 这个 believe 指的就是他们先前说的这种观点 63 00:04:55,990 --> 00:04:56,430 对 64 00:04:56,750 --> 00:05:02,510 于这种观点呢博物学家赫叙尼曾经颇带嘲讽意味的把 65 00:05:02,510 --> 00:05:03,490 它比作 66 00:05:06,310 --> 00:05:10,477 我们看一下 mockingly 嘲讽的因为 mock 作为动词的时 67 00:05:10,477 --> 00:05:11,930 候就是嘲笑的意思 68 00:05:13,100 --> 00:05:18,340 而 likened 实际上我们之前也见过一个跟他同根的词 69 00:05:18,340 --> 00:05:22,780 那就是 likeness meaning a painting or photo of a person 70 00:05:22,780 --> 00:05:29,320 肖像画或者照片 no likenesses exist and few written 71 00:05:29,320 --> 00:05:34,200 references 这句还记得吗这是第四章的时候学到 72 00:05:34,200 --> 00:05:39,240 Dixon 这个人的时候学到 Dixon 这个科学家说是没有留 73 00:05:39,240 --> 00:05:44,260 下任何的肖像连文字记载也很少那 74 00:05:45,160 --> 00:05:50,700 这个 liken 在这里呢是动词就是 comp arecompared to 75 00:05:51,300 --> 00:05:52,100 Huxley 76 00:05:52,790 --> 00:05:58,410 波泰嘲讽意味着把这种 believe 把这个观点这种说法 77 00:05:58,410 --> 00:06:04,630 比作比作什么呢 a succession of rubbers of wistwist 是 78 00:06:04,630 --> 00:06:10,070 一种纸牌游戏的名字就叫 wist 没法翻译成中文除非是 79 00:06:10,070 --> 00:06:15,650 音译你就叫惠斯特之类的这幅画画的就是当时的人们 80 00:06:15,650 --> 00:06:22,070 玩这种 W IST 这种纸牌游戏的情形 Brothers 是决胜局决 81 00:06:22,070 --> 00:06:24,690 胜局比如说我们在打乒乓球的时候 82 00:06:25,490 --> 00:06:28,810 是一般是三 83 00:06:28,900 --> 00:06:35,680 局两胜制也就是赢对手两局就算你赢了比如说 3 比 1 5 84 00:06:35,680 --> 00:06:36,760 比 3 3 比 0 85 00:06:37,450 --> 00:06:43,290 而这个决胜局就是决定你是否赢得整场比赛的那一局 86 00:06:43,290 --> 00:06:44,090 那 87 00:06:44,150 --> 00:06:48,960 一局如果赢了那你就算是整场就赢了你就不用再打下 88 00:06:48,960 --> 00:06:49,470 去了 89 00:06:51,010 --> 00:06:56,330 A secession of rubbers of wisdom 就是不断出现的决胜 90 00:06:56,330 --> 00:07:01,330 局这种决胜局是仿佛出现因为一直玩下去的嘛 At the 91 00:07:01,330 --> 00:07:07,270 end of which 到最后呢每次都是这个玩牌的人就记得先 92 00:07:07,270 --> 00:07:12,270 翻了桌子 Upset the table ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）