第5章 敲石头的人 The Stone-Breakers · 第6讲S3

1. 老师，讲稿里说Kelvin写的论文太有独创性，不得不匿名发表，这是为啥怕让‘上司’难堪呀？
2. Kelvin 10岁就被格拉斯哥大学录取了，用 'admitted' 这个词，它和普通的 'accepted' 有啥具体区别吗？
3. 文中提到 'absolute temperature' 和 'Celsius' 的区别，为什么绝对温标里没有负数，而摄氏度有？
4. Kelvin 既是数学家又是物理学家，讲稿里把 'pure mathematics' 和 'applied mathematics' 分开讲，这两者到底咋区分？
5. 既然 Kelvin 在科学上这么牛，为什么大家还叫他 'Victorian superman'？这个称呼背后有啥特殊的时代背景吗？

1. The transcript says Kelvin had to publish his papers anonymously because they were so original. Why was he afraid of embarrassing his superiors?
2. Kelvin was admitted to the University of Glasgow at age 10. What's the specific difference between 'admitted' and 'accepted' in this context?
3. The text mentions the difference between 'absolute temperature' and 'Celsius'. Why are there no negative numbers in the absolute temperature scale?
4. Kelvin was both a mathematician and a physicist. How do 'pure mathematics' and 'applied mathematics' differ as described in the lecture?
5. Since Kelvin was so brilliant in science, why is he called a 'Victorian superman'? What is the historical background behind this title?

1 00:00:06,450 --> 00:00:08,090 The sentiment is understandable. 2 00:00:08,490 --> 00:00:11,850 For Kelvin really was a kind of Victorian superman. 3 00:00:11,990 --> 00:00:13,910 The sentiment means the feeling. 4 00:00:14,690 --> 00:00:18,870 Victorian super man 是维多利亚时代的超人。 5 00:00:19,130 --> 00:00:22,730 维多利亚时代这个名称来自 Queen Victoria, 6 00:00:23,190 --> 00:00:27,930 她是 19 世纪英国女王,在位时间长达 64 年。 7 00:00:27,930 --> 00:00:33,690 那个时候英国在世界各地建立占领了许多殖民地号称 8 00:00:33,690 --> 00:00:39,310 日不落帝国这是英国经济文化最繁荣的时期 He 9 00:00:40,140 --> 00:00:45,320 was born in 1824 in Belfast the son of a professor of 10 00:00:45,320 --> 00:00:47,980 mathematics and a royal academic institution 11 00:00:48,600 --> 00:00:51,140 who soon after transferred to Glasgow 12 00:00:52,020 --> 00:00:57,340 Belfast is the largest city in Northern Ireland 是北爱 13 00:00:57,340 --> 00:01:03,100 尔兰的最大的城市也是北爱尔兰的首府他的父亲呢是 14 00:01:03,100 --> 00:01:08,500 皇家学术研究院的数学教授 who soon after 15 00:01:08,500 --> 00:01:14,080 transferred to Glasgow 后来呢很快就转到了 Galasko 16 00:01:14,080 --> 00:01:20,320 Galasko is here it's the largest city in Scotland 刚才 17 00:01:20,320 --> 00:01:26,540 说的 Belfast 在这儿就是北爱尔兰这个呢是苏格兰这 18 00:01:26,540 --> 00:01:27,060 个 19 00:01:27,290 --> 00:01:34,150 部分是英格兰这里是威尔斯这就构成了英国这四个部 20 00:01:34,150 --> 00:01:34,310 分 21 00:01:52,360 --> 00:01:58,480 在那呢 Calvin 就显示出神童的特质 and he was admitted 22 00:01:58,480 --> 00:02:02,740 to Glasgow University to be admitted means to be 23 00:02:02,740 --> 00:02:07,440 accepted as a student 就被格拉斯科大学录取 and 24 00:02:07,440 --> 00:02:12,840 exceedingly tender age of tentender 本来指的是很嫩 25 00:02:12,840 --> 00:02:18,500 娇嫩的意思他才十岁这个年龄确实可以用这个 tender 26 00:02:18,500 --> 00:02:25,420 来形容小小年纪才十岁就被一所大学录取了当 27 00:02:27,180 --> 00:02:33,600 他达到 20 岁的时候,他在邻居在洛杉矶和巴黎学习。 28 00:02:33,580 --> 00:02:35,660 他从坎贝尔大学毕业。 29 00:02:35,640 --> 00:02:39,920 他赢得了大学的标准标准和数学学习奖。 30 00:02:40,200 --> 00:02:43,800 他也找到时间开发一家音乐社会。 31 00:02:44,560 --> 00:02:47,380 他被选择成为皮特豪斯的同学。 32 00:02:47,360 --> 00:02:52,940 他在英文和法语中写了一堆纯粹的数学学书, 33 00:02:52,920 --> 00:02:56,840 of such dazzling originality that he had to publish 34 00:02:56,840 --> 00:02:59,940 them anonymously for fear of embarrassing his 35 00:02:59,940 --> 00:03:01,640 superiors 到 36 00:03:02,470 --> 00:03:07,350 他二十出头的时候他就已经在伦敦和巴黎的众多学院 37 00:03:07,350 --> 00:03:12,470 学习过了并且从剑桥大学毕业了我们看一下他从剑桥 38 00:03:12,470 --> 00:03:15,890 大学毕业时的情况 where he won the university's top 39 00:03:15,890 --> 00:03:20,790 prizes for rowing and mathematics 他赢得了赛艇和数 40 00:03:20,790 --> 00:03:26,530 学这两项的最高奖赛庭是剑桥大学的传统运动项目 41 00:03:27,250 --> 00:03:31,030 and somehow found time to launch a musical society as 42 00:03:31,030 --> 00:03:33,170 well to launch means to start, 43 00:03:33,390 --> 00:03:38,210 to found 而且他居然还有时间创办了一个音乐协会 44 00:03:39,010 --> 00:03:43,710 being elected a fellow of Peterhouse Peterhouse 是剑 45 00:03:43,710 --> 00:03:48,090 桥大学彼得学院是剑桥大学最古老的学院 a fellow 46 00:03:48,090 --> 00:03:52,250 means a member of an important society or a university 47 00:03:52,250 --> 00:03:56,190 是当选为剑桥大学彼得学院的院士 48 00:04:00,100 --> 00:04:10,840 而且在纯数学以及应用数学两个领域都用双语用法语 49 00:04:10,840 --> 00:04:16,080 和英语写作了十几篇论文 applied 指的是应用的应用 50 00:04:16,080 --> 00:04:19,420 数学而这个 pure mathematics 是纯理论的 51 00:04:19,830 --> 00:04:25,690 而且这个论文的质量 of such dazzling originalityan 52 00:04:25,690 --> 00:04:31,150 original idea means a completely new ideaan idea that 53 00:04:31,150 --> 00:04:36,190 was propounded completely by himself 完全独创性的 54 00:04:36,190 --> 00:04:38,510 dazzling means astounding, 55 00:04:38,690 --> 00:04:44,090 shocking 只有惊人的独创性 that he had to publish them 56 00:04:44,090 --> 00:04:48,570 anonymouslyanonymous means without the name of the 57 00:04:48,570 --> 00:04:53,910 author 只好匿名发表 for fear of embarrassing his 58 00:04:53,910 --> 00:04:58,390 superiors his superiors means people who held higher 59 00:04:58,390 --> 00:05:04,810 positions than he did 就是他的上司或者比他地位更高 60 00:05:04,810 --> 00:05:09,690 更廉战的人所以必须要匿名发表免得使他的这些 61 00:05:09,690 --> 00:05:14,080 superiors 感到难堪所以这个才 20 出头的小后生就这 62 00:05:14,080 --> 00:05:17,530 么厉害自己的脸都不知道该搁哪了 at 63 00:05:18,520 --> 00:05:30,420 the age of 2222 岁回 64 00:05:30,420 --> 00:05:35,220 到格拉斯科大学那就是他 10 岁的时候上的那个大学自 65 00:05:35,220 --> 00:05:44,580 然哲学自然哲学就是现代自然科学的前身大家还记得 66 00:05:44,580 --> 00:05:49,530 吗牛顿写的那本书自然哲学的数学原理所以这个并不 67 00:05:49,530 --> 00:05:51,660 是我们现在说的这个哲学 68 00:05:55,780 --> 00:05:58,500 这个职位他一干就是五十三年 69 00:06:19,700 --> 00:06:20,400 physical sciences 70 00:06:21,420 --> 00:06:27,180 在他漫长的职业生涯之中因为他活到 1907 年就活到 83 71 00:06:27,180 --> 00:06:32,720 岁而且他那么早就出来工作了二十出头就已经是成果 72 00:06:32,720 --> 00:06:39,480 沸然了他写了 661 篇论文积累了 69 项专利 from which he 73 00:06:39,480 --> 00:06:41,220 grewabundantly wealthy 74 00:06:42,060 --> 00:06:46,320 这个专利呢也让他赚了很多钱变得非常的 wealthy 75 00:06:46,320 --> 00:06:47,240 means rich 76 00:06:47,870 --> 00:06:51,530 and gained ren own,ren own means fame, 77 00:06:51,710 --> 00:06:58,090 在物理科学的任何一个分支领域都获得了很高的声 78 00:06:58,090 --> 00:06:58,330 望。 79 00:06:58,570 --> 00:07:01,230 Among much else, 80 00:07:01,450 --> 00:07:04,810 he suggested the method that led directly to the 81 00:07:04,810 --> 00:07:06,370 invention of refrigeration, 82 00:07:06,470 --> 00:07:10,050 devised the scale of absolute temperature that still 83 00:07:10,050 --> 00:07:11,070 bears his name, 84 00:07:11,290 --> 00:07:15,090 invented the boosting devices that allowed telegrams 85 00:07:15,090 --> 00:07:16,390 to be sent across oceans, 86 00:07:16,390 --> 00:07:20,270 and made innumerable improvements to shipping and 87 00:07:20,270 --> 00:07:23,610 navigationfrom the invention of a popular marine 88 00:07:23,610 --> 00:07:28,130 compass to the creation of the first death sounder and 89 00:07:28,130 --> 00:07:31,310 those were merely his practical achievements 他的成 90 00:07:31,310 --> 00:07:36,690 就可以说是不计其数其中呢他提出一种方法这种方法 91 00:07:36,690 --> 00:07:42,750 直接导致了 let to 原型是 lead to 表示导致直接帮助了 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）