第5章 敲石头的人 The Stone-Breakers · 第6讲S1

1. 老师，讲稿里说Edmund Halley那个算海洋盐度的方法逻辑上挺有吸引力的，但为什么最后说这个实验是‘impracticable’（无法实施的）呢？具体是卡在哪一步了？
2. Buffon那个用手去摸加热球体来测地球散热速度的实验，听起来好原始啊。为什么在那个年代，大家觉得用手触摸就能估算出‘rate of dissipation’（热散逸率），这靠谱吗？
3. Halley估算的是海洋年龄，而Buffon估算的是地球整体年龄。这两个方法在原理上有什么本质区别？为什么Buffon的结果虽然荒谬，却被当时的人认为是‘radical’（激进的）？
4. 为什么Buffon提出地球有几十万年历史这种观点，就会面临被教会‘excommunication’（开除教籍）的风险？这跟当时的宗教观念有什么冲突？
5. Buffon嘴上道歉说自己是‘thoughtless heresy’（考虑不周的异端邪说），但转头在后续文章里又重复自己的观点。这种行为反映了科学探索中什么样的困境或人性特点？

1. The lecture mentioned that Edmund Halley's logic about calculating ocean age via salt content was 'appealing', but why was it ultimately deemed 'impracticable'? What exactly was the missing piece of data?
2. Buffon's experiment involved touching heated spheres to estimate the 'rate of dissipation' of heat. How could such a primitive method possibly yield any scientific results, and why was it accepted at the time?
3. Halley estimated the age of the oceans, while Buffon estimated the age of the Earth itself. What is the fundamental difference between these two approaches, and why was Buffon's much lower estimate considered 'radical' back then?
4. Why did Buffon face the threat of 'excommunication' from the Church for suggesting the Earth was hundreds of thousands of years old? How did this conflict with the religious beliefs of that era?
5. Buffon verbally apologized for his 'thoughtless heresy' but continued to assert his beliefs in his subsequent writings. What does this behavior reveal about the challenges or human nature in the history of scientific exploration?

1 00:00:00,880 --> 00:00:04,120 我们整个宇宙都在热烈的态度中, 2 00:00:04,100 --> 00:00:07,640 近 14 亿年前,传承开始了。 3 00:00:08,640 --> 00:00:14,910 每个人都同意地球是古老的。 4 00:00:15,070 --> 00:00:17,910 问题是,它是多么古老? 5 00:00:41,210 --> 00:00:47,990 在判定地球年龄的早期的尝试当中有一项比较好一点 6 00:00:47,990 --> 00:00:53,610 的比从圣经里边去寻找答案更靠谱一些的来自那个一 7 00:00:53,610 --> 00:00:58,030 项都比较可靠一项都比较靠谱的 Edmund Hawley 他在 8 00:00:58,030 --> 00:01:02,790 1715 年提出 If you divided the total amount of salt in 9 00:01:02,790 --> 00:01:07,370 the world of sea 如果你把地球上所有海洋里边包含的 10 00:01:07,370 --> 00:01:12,570 盐的总量除以 the amount added each year it means the 11 00:01:12,570 --> 00:01:18,050 amount of salt added each year 除以每年所增加的盐量 12 00:01:18,050 --> 00:01:21,430 You would get the number of years that the oceans had 13 00:01:21,430 --> 00:01:27,110 been in existence 这样你就可以算出来海洋存在的年 14 00:01:27,110 --> 00:01:27,470 龄 15 00:01:28,100 --> 00:01:32,060 Which will give you a rough idea of Earth's age 虽然这并 16 00:01:32,060 --> 00:01:35,700 不是相当于地球的年龄但是它可以给你一些 rough 17 00:01:35,700 --> 00:01:39,300 idea 给你一些大致的范围 The 18 00:01:39,360 --> 00:01:43,480 logic was appealing but unfortunately no one knew how 19 00:01:43,480 --> 00:01:48,080 much salt was in the sea or by how much it increased each 20 00:01:48,080 --> 00:01:50,360 yearwhich renders the experiment 21 00:01:50,360 --> 00:01:55,320 impracticableappealing means attractive 这个逻辑 22 00:01:55,320 --> 00:01:59,680 听起来是非常好非常有吸引力的 but unfortunately 23 00:01:59,780 --> 00:02:04,600 遗憾的是根本就没有人能够知道 how much salt was in 24 00:02:04,600 --> 00:02:09,780 the sea 也就是 nobody knew the total amount of salt in 25 00:02:09,780 --> 00:02:11,440 the world's sea 也 26 00:02:11,500 --> 00:02:16,540 没有人知道 By how much it increased each year 也没有人 27 00:02:16,540 --> 00:02:21,140 知道每年增加的量是多少就是 The amount added each 28 00:02:21,140 --> 00:02:25,060 year Which rendered the experiment impredicable 29 00:02:25,060 --> 00:02:28,900 Rendered means made Which made the experiment 30 00:02:28,900 --> 00:02:34,780 impossible to carry out 这使得这个实验根本就不可能 31 00:02:34,780 --> 00:02:40,560 实施不可能操作理论上很美好实际上是不可操作的 32 00:02:40,560 --> 00:02:41,300 The 33 00:02:42,460 --> 00:02:44,900 first attempt at measurement that could be called 34 00:02:44,900 --> 00:02:48,740 remotely scientific was made by the French man Georges 35 00:02:48,740 --> 00:02:50,840 Lou is Leclerc,Comme de Buff on, 36 00:02:51,040 --> 00:02:58,220 in the 1770s Remotely scientific 指的是稍微算得上一 37 00:02:58,220 --> 00:03:02,320 点科学但实际上离科学还是很遥远的 38 00:03:02,980 --> 00:03:08,300 史上第一次稍微能够算得上具有科学性的测量是由这 39 00:03:08,300 --> 00:03:13,120 个法国人做出的 It had long been known that the earth 40 00:03:13,120 --> 00:03:16,480 radiated appreciable amounts of heat That was 41 00:03:16,480 --> 00:03:20,220 apparent to anyone who went down a coal mine But there 42 00:03:20,220 --> 00:03:23,520 wasn't any way of estimating the rate of dissipation 43 00:03:23,520 --> 00:03:27,160 Radiate,do you still remember this word? 44 00:03:27,320 --> 00:03:28,160 Radiate, 45 00:03:28,460 --> 00:03:33,580 散发辐射出来 Appreciable means large enough to be 46 00:03:33,580 --> 00:03:35,320 noticed or to be measured 47 00:03:36,360 --> 00:03:42,760 科学界很早就知道地球会向外散发出一定的热量 That 48 00:03:42,760 --> 00:03:45,560 was apparent to anyone who went down a coal mine 49 00:03:45,560 --> 00:03:50,880 Apparent means obvious 对于曾经下过煤矿的人这个是 50 00:03:50,880 --> 00:03:55,420 很明显的他们都能够感觉到地底下散发出来的热量 51 00:03:55,420 --> 00:03:58,900 But there wasn't any way of estimating the rate of 52 00:03:58,900 --> 00:04:03,380 dissipation Dissipation 这里指的是热量的散发散逸 53 00:04:03,380 --> 00:04:08,640 的这个 rate 散逸的速度看一下更多的例句 Dissipate 54 00:04:08,640 --> 00:04:10,600 As he thought it over, 55 00:04:10,740 --> 00:04:14,980 his anger gradually dissipated 他想了想, 56 00:04:15,080 --> 00:04:18,440 怒气就渐渐消了 Little by little, 57 00:04:18,560 --> 00:04:23,620 the smoke was dissipated by the breeze 微风慢慢地把烟 58 00:04:23,620 --> 00:04:25,460 雾吹散了那 59 00:04:27,320 --> 00:04:32,220 大家都知道这个道理问题是根本就没有办法算出这个 60 00:04:32,220 --> 00:04:33,980 地热的上亿率 61 00:04:43,440 --> 00:04:53,420 那这个布丰的实验呢是这样的他先把球体加热 62 00:04:54,000 --> 00:04:58,610 until they glowed white hot 一直加热到白热的程度然 63 00:04:58,610 --> 00:05:02,500 后在 estimating the rate of heat loss by touching them 64 00:05:02,500 --> 00:05:06,640 再用触摸的方式来估计热的散异率 65 00:05:07,150 --> 00:05:11,310 真是难以想象竟然是用手去摸的这种方式而不是用任 66 00:05:11,310 --> 00:05:16,010 何仪器去测量当时就只有这个条件 presumably very 67 00:05:16,010 --> 00:05:20,710 lightly at firstpresumably means I presume I guess 68 00:05:20,710 --> 00:05:24,630 very lightly at first 我估计一开始一定是非常轻的去 69 00:05:24,630 --> 00:05:27,830 触摸要不然一定手就烫得不行了从 70 00:05:29,140 --> 00:05:37,180 这里他猜测地球的年龄是在 75000 到 168000 年代之间 71 00:05:37,180 --> 00:05:41,720 根据自己的这个实验他计算出地球的年龄大概就是 72 00:05:41,720 --> 00:05:46,740 75000 年到 168000 年之间这 73 00:05:48,700 --> 00:05:52,440 当然是一个很大的低估但无论如何也是一个很荒谬的 74 00:05:52,440 --> 00:05:53,020 概念 75 00:05:59,160 --> 00:06:04,320 这个在我们现在看来当然是大大的低估了地球的年龄 76 00:06:04,320 --> 00:06:08,360 过低的估计了 77 00:06:10,440 --> 00:06:12,980 radical means very different, 78 00:06:13,140 --> 00:06:14,140 very new, 79 00:06:14,320 --> 00:06:18,820 very different from what most people believe 但是在当 80 00:06:18,820 --> 00:06:22,920 时这是非常激进的想法了 and Buff on found himself 81 00:06:22,920 --> 00:06:26,260 threatened with excommunication for expressing it 82 00:06:26,260 --> 00:06:31,600 Buff on 就发现自己如果表达公开的表达这个想法的话 83 00:06:31,600 --> 00:06:35,480 他就有可能受到一个威胁 threatened with 84 00:06:35,480 --> 00:06:40,120 excommunication 就是教会会把他开除出去他会被开 85 00:06:40,120 --> 00:06:44,500 除教籍这个 communication 大概大家或多或少都有点 86 00:06:44,500 --> 00:06:51,120 熟悉可能都了解的就是交流交通的意思为什么会是开 87 00:06:51,120 --> 00:06:55,850 除教籍呢那是因为 communicate 除了交流交通还有一 88 00:06:55,850 --> 00:06:59,240 个意思是接受圣餐 to 89 00:06:59,270 --> 00:07:05,680 receive communionholy communioncommunion 是圣餐这 90 00:07:05,680 --> 00:07:12,000 是基督教里面非常重要的仪式教徒在接受圣餐前进入 91 00:07:12,000 --> 00:07:18,860 教堂画十字向圣像鞠躬唱诗然后神 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）