第5章 敲石头的人 The Stone-Breakers · 第5讲S3

1. 讲稿里说'grown men grow incandescent with rage'，这里的incandescent本意是白炽灯那种发光状态，用来形容人生气到底有什么画面感？
2. 老师提到sophisticated和complex/complicated都表示复杂，但sophisticated侧重高级阶段，能举个具体的例子说明这种'高级的复杂'吗？
3. 讲稿里对比了19世纪的地质学家只能'hopeful guesswork'，而现在有'sophisticated dating techniques'，这两者在确定年代准确性上到底差在哪？
4. 为什么Buckland对鱼龙年代的猜测（1万到1亿年）被说成'几乎等于没说'？这种巨大的时间跨度为什么在科学上是没有意义的？
5. James Ussher根据圣经推算出地球创造于公元前4004年，这个结论为什么成了历史学家和教科书作者的笑柄？

1. The transcript says 'grown men grow incandescent with rage'. Since 'incandescent' originally refers to glowing white-hot like a light bulb, what vivid image does it create when describing someone's anger?
2. The teacher mentioned that 'sophisticated', 'complex', and 'complicated' all mean complex, but 'sophisticated' emphasizes a high-level stage. Can you give a specific example to illustrate this kind of 'advanced complexity'?
3. The transcript contrasts 19th-century geologists who relied on 'hopeful guesswork' with today's 'sophisticated dating techniques'. What is the actual difference in accuracy between these two approaches when determining ages?
4. Why was Buckland's guess about the ichthyosaur's age (10,000 to 100 million years) considered 'almost meaningless'? Why is such a huge time span scientifically useless?
5. James Ussher calculated that the Earth was created in 4004 BC based on the Bible. Why has this conclusion become a laughing stock for historians and textbook writers?

1 00:00:05,740 --> 00:00:09,880 I have seen grown men grow inc andescent with rage over 2 00:00:09,880 --> 00:00:12,780 this metaphorical millisecond in life's history. 3 00:00:13,400 --> 00:00:17,660 inc andescent 是白炽状态的, 4 00:00:17,680 --> 00:00:18,820 白热状态 5 00:00:19,180 --> 00:00:24,940 inc andescent lamp 是白炽灯我们现在比较不怎么使用 6 00:00:24,940 --> 00:00:29,840 白炽灯了以前是比较多是那种里边用乌丝的 7 00:00:30,480 --> 00:00:35,200 会发出有一点偏黄的光的而现在因为比较多的是使用 8 00:00:35,200 --> 00:00:39,020 LED 灯或者是日光灯那 9 00:00:39,140 --> 00:00:42,880 怎么说是一个人能够 glow inc andescent 这是什么意思 10 00:00:42,880 --> 00:00:48,630 呢一个人变得又白又亮 with rage 由于愤怒其实指的就 11 00:00:48,630 --> 00:00:57,060 是他怒火中烧气得脸红脖子粗了 metaphor 这个词是隐 12 00:00:57,060 --> 00:01:03,060 喻比喻的意思比如说 he is a fox 这个人简直就是一条狐 13 00:01:03,060 --> 00:01:07,740 狸这就是一个 metaphor 比喻 millisecond 就是千分之 14 00:01:07,740 --> 00:01:13,280 一秒也就是毫秒这个 mill i 这个前座经常是表示千分 15 00:01:13,280 --> 00:01:18,500 之一比如说这个 millimeter 那就是毫米千分之一米 16 00:01:19,060 --> 00:01:26,420 简称 mmmilliliter 这是千分之一的升就是毫升那这里 17 00:01:26,420 --> 00:01:30,260 说到 metaphorical millisecond in life's history 是指 18 00:01:30,260 --> 00:01:36,680 呢我们把整个地质历史时期把它比作是人的一生这样 19 00:01:36,680 --> 00:01:41,690 的话那么其中的一个时期那个分界线说起来其实就非 20 00:01:41,690 --> 00:01:46,560 常短了实际上就相当于人的一辈子的一毫秒那样 21 00:01:46,560 --> 00:01:51,760 grown man 就是 adults 我曾经看到一把年纪的成年人 22 00:01:52,340 --> 00:01:57,760 为了这种相当于人的一生中千分之一秒的这种差异争 23 00:01:57,760 --> 00:02:03,020 得面红耳赤那这句话是这个 British paleontologist 24 00:02:03,020 --> 00:02:06,960 Richard Forty 写的一本书里面抽出来的一句话 25 00:02:17,340 --> 00:02:17,820 这个 26 00:02:18,110 --> 00:02:25,370 Forty 曾经写书描述二十世纪发生的一场争论就是韩 27 00:02:25,370 --> 00:02:30,480 武纪和澳陶纪的这个分界线 Boundary 就是分界线也就 28 00:02:30,480 --> 00:02:34,930 是 Dividing Line 到底位于什么地方 At 29 00:02:35,280 --> 00:02:38,540 least today we can bring some sophisticated dating 30 00:02:38,540 --> 00:02:44,320 techniques to the table Sophisticated 就是复杂的我 31 00:02:44,320 --> 00:02:46,740 们先前有学过 Complex, 32 00:02:46,920 --> 00:02:51,760 Complicated 这些都是复杂的意思但是 Sophisticated 33 00:02:51,760 --> 00:02:54,860 跟他们意思有点不一样这 34 00:02:55,080 --> 00:03:00,920 两个词指的是内在关系非常复杂难以理解难以分析清 35 00:03:00,920 --> 00:03:01,120 楚 36 00:03:01,880 --> 00:03:06,960 而这个 sophisticated 侧重于事物发展到比较高级的 37 00:03:06,960 --> 00:03:11,760 阶段所体现出的这种复杂往往还有高级的这个意思 38 00:03:12,320 --> 00:03:18,420 而 dating 呢不是指男女朋友约会这个 dating 是断代技 39 00:03:18,420 --> 00:03:22,360 术也就是确定他的年代叫 dating techniques 40 00:03:23,690 --> 00:03:28,890 现在还有比较可靠的高级的断代技术可以依靠, 41 00:03:28,990 --> 00:03:30,790 可以拿到台面上来讨论。 42 00:03:31,030 --> 00:03:33,390 For most of the 19th century, 43 00:03:33,610 --> 00:03:36,890 geologists could draw on nothing more than the most 44 00:03:36,890 --> 00:03:38,090 hopeful guesswork. 45 00:03:38,330 --> 00:03:42,830 To draw on something means to use information or 46 00:03:42,830 --> 00:03:48,830 experience for a particular purpose.Let's look at 47 00:03:48,830 --> 00:03:52,450 this example His work draws heavily on learning 48 00:03:52,450 --> 00:03:57,650 theories of the 1980s 他的作品大量使用了八十年代的 49 00:03:57,650 --> 00:04:02,710 学习理论这个 draws on 这里就是使用的意思而十九世 50 00:04:02,710 --> 00:04:09,170 纪的地质学家他们能够使用的 nothing 没有别的了只 51 00:04:09,170 --> 00:04:14,710 有 hopeful guesswork 只有猜测也就是他们只能猜测其 52 00:04:14,710 --> 00:04:16,530 他就没有办法了 The 53 00:04:17,940 --> 00:04:22,020 frustrating position then was thatalthough they 54 00:04:22,020 --> 00:04:25,320 could place the various rocks and fossils in order by 55 00:04:25,320 --> 00:04:29,400 age they had no idea how long any of those ages 56 00:04:29,400 --> 00:04:35,450 werefrustrating 意思就是让人有挫折感挫败感的就 57 00:04:35,450 --> 00:04:40,680 是最让人觉得挫败的那一点就是尽管那个时候的地质 58 00:04:40,680 --> 00:04:46,700 学家可以把不同的岩石和化石按照年代顺序排列出来 59 00:04:46,700 --> 00:04:52,380 但是呢他们完全不知道这些岩石到底有多古老 60 00:05:07,980 --> 00:05:08,620 所以 61 00:05:08,980 --> 00:05:14,640 当我们的这个 Bucklandspeculated on means guessed 就 62 00:05:14,640 --> 00:05:19,000 猜测,这个词本身意思就是猜测 The antiquity of an 63 00:05:19,080 --> 00:05:21,380 ichthyosaurus Antiquity, 64 00:05:21,380 --> 00:05:23,880 我们先看一下这个词 Antiquity, 65 00:05:23,920 --> 00:05:26,200 a statue of great antiquity 66 00:05:26,820 --> 00:05:32,670 就是指一尊古老的雕像而这个 Antiquity 前面这个部 67 00:05:32,670 --> 00:05:36,140 分就是 Antique Antique 指的就是古玩, 68 00:05:36,360 --> 00:05:40,730 古董的意思 An antique shop 在这里呢, 69 00:05:40,750 --> 00:05:45,630 这个 Antique 是名词表示古玩古董它其实也可以做形 70 00:05:45,630 --> 00:05:47,390 容词意思就是 ancient, 71 00:05:47,590 --> 00:05:48,370 very old 72 00:05:49,620 --> 00:05:54,880 所以这个 antiquity 指的就是 oldness 就是它的古老的 73 00:05:54,880 --> 00:05:57,200 程度它的 age of 74 00:05:57,360 --> 00:06:03,500 ichthyosaurusichthyosaurus 叫鱼龙实际上它不是 75 00:06:03,500 --> 00:06:06,220 鱼,也不是恐龙它 76 00:06:06,420 --> 00:06:11,260 是这个样子的虽然长得特别像鱼但它实际上是一种海 77 00:06:11,260 --> 00:06:16,327 洋爬行动物它的这个旗帜就 flippers 是跟那个龟类差 78 00:06:16,327 --> 00:06:19,000 不多的并不是像鱼一样是 fins 79 00:06:19,560 --> 00:06:24,140 还有呢它也不是用筛来呼吸的我们可以看到它有鼻孔 80 00:06:24,680 --> 00:06:30,700 所以呢当这个 Buckland 猜测一个鱼龙骨架的化石到底 81 00:06:30,700 --> 00:06:35,600 有多么古老的时候 he could do no better than he could do 82 00:06:35,600 --> 00:06:40,280 no better than 也就是说 he could only suggest that 他只 83 00:06:40,280 --> 00:06:45,290 能这样猜测他说 It had lived somewhere between 10, 84 00:06:45,450 --> 00:06:48,610 000 or more than 10,000 times 10, 85 00:06:48,770 --> 00:06:52,210 000 years earlier10,000 times 10, 86 00:06:52,370 --> 00:06:56,110 000 就是把这个 10,000 再乘以 10, 87 00:06:56,290 --> 00:07:02,620 000 这个鱼龙呢大概是生活在一万多年到一亿多年之 88 00:07:02,620 --> 00:07:07,310 前你想想这个时间跨度这么大这几乎等于没说 89 00:07:07,310 --> 00:07:12,960 Although there was no reliable way of dating periods 90 00:07:12,960 --> 00:07:16,340 There was no shortage of people willing to try, 91 00:07:16,880 --> 00:07:17,980 reliable, 92 00:07:18,620 --> 00:07:19,460 靠得住的, 93 00:07:19,500 --> 00:07:25,320 尽管当时没有什么靠谱的方法可以测定各个时期的具 94 00:07:25,320 --> 00:07:29,900 体的时间,但是愿意去尝试的人还真不少, 95 00:07:30,080 --> 00:07:32,860 no shortage of people willi ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）