第5章 敲石头的人 The Stone-Breakers · 第5讲S1

1. 讲稿里提到 'span' 这个词有好几种意思，比如 lifespan 和 windspan，那在 'four periods of time' 这个语境下，它到底具体指啥？跟 period 有啥区别没？
2. 为什么 Primary 和 Secondary 这两个时期被废除了，只剩下 Tertiary 一个名字？既然第一第二都没了，它怎么还能叫 '第三' 呢？
3. Whewell 反对用 'synchronous' 做词尾，非要换成 'eous'，这俩词尾在意思上到底差哪儿了？为啥基于词源（etymological grounds）就不能混用？
4. 最后地质学家们没听 Whewell 的，也没用 Lyle 的，而是搞了个折中方案用 'syn' 做词尾。这个 compromise 具体是怎么个折中法？
5. 讲稿里说 Lyle 原本想用的那些词听起来很 'crunchy'（脆），这个比喻是啥意思？为什么后来觉得这些名字 'enduring'（持久/可爱）但又 '模糊'？

1. The script mentions 'span' has multiple meanings like lifespan and windspan; in the context of 'four periods of time', what exactly does it mean here, and is there a difference between it and 'period'?
2. Why were the Primary and Secondary periods abolished, leaving only Tertiary? Since the first two are gone, how can it still be called 'third'?
3. Whewell opposed using 'synchronous' as a suffix and insisted on 'eous'; what's the actual semantic difference between these two suffixes, and why did etymological grounds matter so much?
4. The geologists finally rejected both Whewell's and Lyle's ideas and chose a compromise by using 'syn' as the suffix. How exactly was this compromise made?
5. The script describes Lyle's original terms as sounding 'crunchy'; what does this metaphor imply, and why were these names considered 'enduring' yet 'vague'?

1 00:00:10,750 --> 00:00:12,930 Hello everyone,welcome back. 2 00:00:13,550 --> 00:00:16,370 We'll continue to read about geological times, 3 00:00:16,590 --> 00:00:18,890 but I'm sorry to tell you that you're going to come 4 00:00:18,890 --> 00:00:21,730 across a huge number of unfamiliar words, 5 00:00:22,390 --> 00:00:25,350 but fortunately you don't have to memorize all of them. 6 00:00:25,790 --> 00:00:28,210 Here we go.Originally, 7 00:00:28,390 --> 00:00:32,310 geological history was divided into four spans of time 8 00:00:32,310 --> 00:00:37,610 Primary,secondary,tertiary and quaternary Span, 9 00:00:37,770 --> 00:00:42,070 我们之前学过的这个 span 可以指时间的跨度比如 l 10 00:00:42,070 --> 00:00:45,110 ifespan,人的寿命还有 attention span, 11 00:00:45,350 --> 00:00:51,050 能够保持注意力的长度再有可以表示两个点之间的距 12 00:00:51,050 --> 00:00:52,610 离比如说 windspan, 13 00:00:52,710 --> 00:00:58,410 就是驿站还有 the span of a bridge 桥梁的跨度但在这句 14 00:00:58,410 --> 00:01:02,550 话里面这个 span 基本上就可以理解为 periodsfour 15 00:01:02,550 --> 00:01:08,210 periods of time 起先地质历史大体可以划分为四个时 16 00:01:08,210 --> 00:01:14,460 期 primaryprimary 的意思就是第一季因为 primary 本 17 00:01:14,460 --> 00:01:19,640 身有首要的第一的初级的意思比如我们说的 primary 18 00:01:19,640 --> 00:01:24,620 education 就是指小学教育小学这个学校就可以叫 19 00:01:24,620 --> 00:01:30,100 primary schoolsecondary 是第二季中国把这个 20 00:01:30,100 --> 00:01:35,300 secondary education 就是第二阶段这个教学叫做中等 21 00:01:35,300 --> 00:01:41,380 教育就包括中学还有一些中专 tertiary 表示第三 22 00:01:42,200 --> 00:01:46,780 tertiary education 第三阶段的教育我们中国是把它 23 00:01:46,780 --> 00:01:51,820 叫做高等教育所以 Tertiary Education 基本上就是大 24 00:01:51,820 --> 00:01:57,800 学这个层次的还有 Tertiary Industry 这个是第三产业 25 00:01:57,800 --> 00:02:02,200 所以大家知道这个 Tertiary 实际上是第三的意思再 26 00:02:02,460 --> 00:02:08,040 有就是 Quaternary 是第四季这个 Quarter 表示四跟四 27 00:02:08,040 --> 00:02:13,070 有关系这个大家有体会因为 A Quarter 就是四分之一所 28 00:02:13,070 --> 00:02:15,740 以这四个季分别是第一季、 29 00:02:15,780 --> 00:02:16,820 第二季、第三季、 30 00:02:16,940 --> 00:02:23,040 第四季 the system was too neat to last too neat 就是太整 31 00:02:23,040 --> 00:02:28,620 齐划一了也未免太简单所以呢这个方法也就维持不了 32 00:02:28,620 --> 00:02:30,140 多久 and 33 00:02:30,270 --> 00:02:33,010 soon geologists were contributing additional 34 00:02:33,010 --> 00:02:37,590 divisionswhile eliminating others 所以很快呢地质 35 00:02:37,590 --> 00:02:42,150 学家就增加了一些新的区分这个 division 就是一些区 36 00:02:42,150 --> 00:02:46,730 间一些 periods 就增加进去了同时呢 eliminating 37 00:02:46,730 --> 00:02:50,690 otherseliminating means getting rid of 那有一些就被 38 00:02:50,690 --> 00:02:55,050 删掉了 primary and secondaryfell out of use 39 00:02:55,050 --> 00:02:59,910 altogether 这个被删掉的被 eliminated 就是 primary 40 00:02:59,910 --> 00:03:05,410 and secondary 第一季和第二季是完全被废除了没有用 41 00:03:05,410 --> 00:03:10,130 了 while quaternary was discarded by some but kept by 42 00:03:10,130 --> 00:03:15,030 othersdiscarded means abandoned 被抛弃被 thr own 43 00:03:15,030 --> 00:03:20,350 away 这个第四季有一些人是把它抛弃掉但是还有一些 44 00:03:20,350 --> 00:03:22,390 人是保留第四季的说法 45 00:03:29,080 --> 00:03:38,060 现在保留下来的只有第三季这么一个名称了 46 00:03:38,660 --> 00:03:40,820 虽然它已经不再代表 47 00:03:42,700 --> 00:03:47,340 为什么说不能代表第三季了呢因为第一第二都没有了 48 00:03:47,340 --> 00:03:51,580 就放那里一个第三它到底代表什么呢所以它已经不代 49 00:03:51,580 --> 00:03:53,620 表第三这个概念了 50 00:03:54,760 --> 00:03:58,960 designation 其实就是 name 的意思 a common name or a 51 00:03:58,960 --> 00:04:03,730 common term 就是名称那这个词跟名称有什么关系呢大 52 00:04:03,730 --> 00:04:08,100 家可以看一下这里边的这个 signsign 实际上就是 mark 53 00:04:08,100 --> 00:04:15,790 就是标记的意思名称就是一种标记嘛 Lyle in his 54 00:04:15,790 --> 00:04:18,450 principlesintroduced additional units 55 00:04:36,910 --> 00:04:39,100 Lyle 在他的 56 00:04:39,260 --> 00:04:40,140 地质学原理 57 00:04:40,200 --> 00:04:45,640 这本书里边又引进了一些叫做式或者段的不过在中文 58 00:04:45,640 --> 00:04:51,320 里面我们都是翻译作式叫做式的一些新增的单位来代 59 00:04:51,320 --> 00:04:56,220 表自从恐龙灭绝之后的那一段时期这 60 00:04:56,480 --> 00:05:02,540 些单位呢有更新式上新式中新式渐新式它们的意思都 61 00:05:02,540 --> 00:05:04,400 在括号里边这个 62 00:05:05,200 --> 00:05:10,800 moderate 的意思是中等程度的所以就翻译成中新式渐 63 00:05:10,800 --> 00:05:15,660 新式它的意思就是 but a little recent 仅仅是一点点新 64 00:05:15,660 --> 00:05:19,920 而这个名字呢听起来是 enduring 就是挺可爱的, 65 00:05:19,960 --> 00:05:23,320 但是又很模糊,因为这个时间界限并不清晰。 66 00:05:25,120 --> 00:05:29,660 Lyle originally intended to employ synchronous for 67 00:05:29,660 --> 00:05:30,280 his endings, 68 00:05:30,540 --> 00:05:33,220 giving us such crunchy destinations as 69 00:05:33,220 --> 00:05:36,220 myosynchronous and pliosynchronous. 70 00:05:36,830 --> 00:05:37,890 刚开始呢, 71 00:05:37,970 --> 00:05:41,750 Lyle 是想用 synchronous 作为这些词的词尾。 72 00:05:41,890 --> 00:05:42,590 这样的话, 73 00:05:42,710 --> 00:05:45,250 我们就会有了一大批的 crunchy destinations。 74 00:05:45,890 --> 00:05:48,950 crunchy 是指很脆的,咬起来非常脆。 75 00:05:48,950 --> 00:05:54,110 他指的是这些读音听起来非常脆的这些的名词, 76 00:05:54,210 --> 00:05:58,910 比如说 myosynchronous and pliosynchronous The 77 00:05:59,170 --> 00:06:00,730 Reverend William Whewell, 78 00:06:00,930 --> 00:06:02,170 an influential man, 79 00:06:02,370 --> 00:06:06,030 objected on etymological grounds and suggested 80 00:06:06,030 --> 00:06:09,430 instead an E O U S pattern, 81 00:06:09,750 --> 00:06:13,250 producing my onias,ple onias, 82 00:06:13,270 --> 00:06:13,950 and so on 83 00:06:14,450 --> 00:06:18,370 但是呢 The Reverend William Wigwell 他是一个非常有 84 00:06:18,370 --> 00:06:24,310 影响力的人他反对这种做法反对用这个表示同时的同 85 00:06:24,310 --> 00:06:31,550 步的这个词作为词尾他反对的理由是基于词源方面的 86 00:06:31,550 --> 00:06:37,170 考虑 Etymological 词源我平时有时候跟大家说一些这 87 00:06:37,170 --> 00:06:42,370 些词的词源是拉丁文啊或者是法文啊什么的这个学问 88 00:06:42,370 --> 00:06:49,990 就叫做 Etymology E T Y M O L O G Y Etymology 是词源的意思 89 00:06:51,120 --> 00:06:55,620 Grounds means reasons 处于词源方面的考虑因为这个 90 00:06:55,620 --> 00:06:58,640 意思对不上号码就这个词尾的意思 91 00:06:59,260 --> 00:07:04,380 所以它就提出我们用这个 E O U S 用这个词尾 92 00:07:05,040 --> 00:07:08,640 这个词尾的意思是具有什么什么的特点 93 00:07:09,240 --> 00:07:14,080 这种词尾我们之前见过比如说 gaseous 具有气体的特 94 00:07:14,080 --> 00:07:15,500 点有气态的、 95 00:07:15,560 --> 00:07:20,520 气体的要采取 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）