第5章 敲石头的人 The Stone-Breakers · 第4讲S1

1. 老师，讲稿里说灾变论者觉得物种灭绝是反复发生的，赫胥黎把他们比作玩纸牌游戏。这个‘决胜局’（rubbers）具体是指啥意思呀？为啥说这比喻很嘲讽？
2. 哈顿（Hutton）和莱伊尔（Lyell）好像都跟均变论有关，但讲稿里说哈顿才是‘观念之父’，莱伊尔却是‘现代地质学之父’。这俩人的贡献到底有啥区别？为啥大家更认莱伊尔？
3. 莱伊尔那帮人不仅不喜欢灾变论，简直是‘深恶痛绝’（detested it）。‘disdain’和‘detest’这两个词看着挺像的，它们在语气上到底差多少？
4. 莱伊尔为啥说把未知归咎于灾变论是‘dogma’（教条）？讲稿里提到这会让人们变得‘indolent’（懒惰），这逻辑是咋回事？为啥不思考反而成了懒惰？
5. 莱伊尔说‘过去发生的一切都能用现在正在发生的过程来解释’。如果现在没有发生过那种巨大的灾变，那过去留下的那些巨大地质痕迹咋解释？这理论是不是也有漏洞？

1. Teacher, the transcript mentions that catastrophists believed extinctions happened repeatedly, and Huxley mockingly compared them to a card game. What exactly does 'rubbers' (winning a set) mean here? Why is this comparison so sarcastic?
2. Both Hutton and Lyell seem related to uniformitarianism, but the text says Hutton was the 'father of the notion' while Lyell is the 'father of modern geological thought'. What's the difference between their contributions? Why is Lyell more recognized by people?
3. Lyell and his adherents didn't just disdain catastrophism; they detested it. The words 'disdain' and 'detest' look similar, but what's the actual difference in intensity or tone between them?
4. Why did Lyell call explaining the unknown via catastrophism a 'dogma'? The text says this fosters 'indolence' (laziness). How does refusing to question things lead to intellectual laziness?
5. Lyell believed that 'everything that had ever happened in the past could be explained by events still going on today.' If massive catastrophes aren't happening now, how do we explain the huge geological signs from the past? Doesn't this theory have loopholes?

1 00:00:08,600 --> 00:00:09,280 Hello 2 00:00:13,250 --> 00:00:15,110 everyone,welcome back. 3 00:00:15,670 --> 00:00:18,170 We will continue to read about the battle between 4 00:00:18,170 --> 00:00:22,110 catastrophism and uniformitarianism and we'll also 5 00:00:22,110 --> 00:00:24,830 learn a little bit of geographical timescale. 6 00:00:25,140 --> 00:00:29,080 C atastrophists believe that the Earth was shaped by 7 00:00:29,080 --> 00:00:30,380 cataclysmic events, 8 00:00:30,720 --> 00:00:35,340 floods principally,Uniformitarians by contrast 9 00:00:35,340 --> 00:00:39,360 believed that changes on Earth were gradual and that 10 00:00:39,360 --> 00:00:43,060 nearly all Earth processes happened slowly over 11 00:00:43,060 --> 00:00:49,280 immense spans of time 主张均变论的人相信地球表面的 12 00:00:49,280 --> 00:00:55,400 改变是渐进的 Gradual 是慢慢的逐渐的改变的而不是 13 00:00:55,400 --> 00:01:00,440 像灾变论那样是一下子发生的变化 and that nearly all 14 00:01:00,440 --> 00:01:05,200 earth processes 地球上的各种进展各种变化过程几乎 15 00:01:05,200 --> 00:01:09,900 都非常的缓慢 happened slowly over immense spans of 16 00:01:09,900 --> 00:01:14,660 time 跨越的时间是非常的长 Hart on was much more the 17 00:01:14,660 --> 00:01:18,720 father of the notion than Lyell but it was Lyell most 18 00:01:18,720 --> 00:01:23,480 people read and so he became in most people's minds then 19 00:01:23,480 --> 00:01:27,140 and now the father of modern geological thought 20 00:01:28,330 --> 00:01:33,590 The father of the notion 指的就是这个理论的首创者是 21 00:01:33,590 --> 00:01:38,550 他第一个提出来的就比起 Lyle 实际上 Hart on 可以说是 22 00:01:38,550 --> 00:01:44,310 更早提出了这个观念但是呢人们一般都读 Lyle 写的书 23 00:01:44,310 --> 00:01:48,210 It was Lyle most people read And so he became in most 24 00:01:48,210 --> 00:01:52,550 people's minds 所以呢他就成了人们的心目当中不管 25 00:01:52,550 --> 00:01:56,970 是当时人们的心目当中还是现在人们的心目当中 The 26 00:01:56,970 --> 00:02:01,970 Father of Modern Geological Thought 现代地质学之父 27 00:02:01,970 --> 00:02:07,960 Lyle believed that the earth's shifts were uniform and 28 00:02:07,960 --> 00:02:11,880 steady that everything that had ever happened in the 29 00:02:11,880 --> 00:02:15,560 pastcould be explained by events still going on today 30 00:02:15,560 --> 00:02:22,860 Shifts means changes Lyle 相信地球上的各种变化过程 31 00:02:22,860 --> 00:02:25,160 是一致的稳定的 32 00:02:26,460 --> 00:02:29,700 that everything that had ever happened in the past 33 00:02:30,240 --> 00:02:34,260 过去曾经发生过的一切 could be explained by events 34 00:02:34,260 --> 00:02:38,880 still going on today 都可以从目前正在发生的事件中 35 00:02:38,880 --> 00:02:42,180 找到解释因为它们的过程是一样的 36 00:02:42,780 --> 00:02:46,720 Lyle and his adherents didn't just disdain 37 00:02:46,720 --> 00:02:51,000 catastrophism they detested it Ad herents 38 00:02:51,120 --> 00:02:53,620 之前我们在学到牛顿的时候 39 00:03:02,180 --> 00:03:02,780 牛 40 00:03:03,480 --> 00:03:10,500 顿是一个叫做阿里乌教的危险的异教教派的秘密信徒 41 00:03:10,500 --> 00:03:13,200 The adherence means followers 42 00:03:13,600 --> 00:03:16,220 信徒追随者 To 43 00:03:16,380 --> 00:03:19,260 disdain something means to have no respect for 44 00:03:19,260 --> 00:03:23,220 somethingbecause you think they are not important or 45 00:03:23,220 --> 00:03:24,020 good enough 46 00:03:25,500 --> 00:03:29,800 Detest means to hate something or someone very much. 47 00:03:30,240 --> 00:03:35,720 Lyle 和他的拥护者不仅仅鄙视灾变论, 48 00:03:35,820 --> 00:03:39,100 他们对灾变论简直是深恶痛绝。 49 00:03:39,340 --> 00:03:39,980 C 50 00:03:41,360 --> 00:03:44,740 atastrophists believed that extinctions were part of 51 00:03:44,740 --> 00:03:48,580 a series in which animals were repeatedly wiped out and 52 00:03:48,580 --> 00:03:50,180 replaced with new sets, 53 00:03:50,180 --> 00:03:53,140 I believe that the naturalist T. 54 00:03:53,200 --> 00:03:53,480 H. 55 00:03:53,520 --> 00:03:57,340 Huxley mockingly likened to a succession of rubbers of 56 00:03:57,340 --> 00:03:57,660 waste, 57 00:03:57,840 --> 00:04:01,060 at the end of which the players upset the table and 58 00:04:01,060 --> 00:04:07,270 called for a new packextinctions 指的是物种灭绝猜辩 59 00:04:07,270 --> 00:04:12,810 论者相信物种灭绝是一系列变化过程中的一部分所谓 60 00:04:12,810 --> 00:04:14,170 的 series, 61 00:04:14,390 --> 00:04:18,110 一系列也就是 extinctions 是不断地发生的, 62 00:04:18,190 --> 00:04:24,410 不是只发生过一次 in which 在这个过程中 animals were 63 00:04:24,410 --> 00:04:28,630 repeatedly wiped outwiped out means completely 64 00:04:28,630 --> 00:04:30,730 destroyed or removed 65 00:04:31,890 --> 00:04:37,970 他们相信在这个过程中动物就是不断地被完全淘汰不 66 00:04:37,970 --> 00:04:43,890 断地灭亡然后 replaced with new sets 代之而起的是一 67 00:04:43,890 --> 00:04:45,070 批新的物种 68 00:04:45,790 --> 00:04:50,850 a belief 这个 believe 指的就是他们先前说的这种观点 69 00:04:55,910 --> 00:04:56,390 对 70 00:04:56,710 --> 00:05:02,510 于这种观点呢博物学家赫叙尼曾经颇带嘲讽意味的把 71 00:05:02,510 --> 00:05:03,490 它比作 72 00:05:06,230 --> 00:05:10,477 我们看一下 mockingly 嘲讽的因为 mock 作为动词的时 73 00:05:10,477 --> 00:05:11,910 候就是嘲笑的意思 74 00:05:13,060 --> 00:05:18,360 而 likened 实际上我们之前也见过一个跟他同根的词 75 00:05:18,360 --> 00:05:22,760 那就是 likeness meaning a painting or photo of a person 76 00:05:22,760 --> 00:05:29,320 肖像画或者照片 no likenesses exist and few written 77 00:05:29,320 --> 00:05:34,200 references 这句还记得吗这是第四章的时候学到 78 00:05:34,200 --> 00:05:39,240 Dixon 这个人的时候学到 Dixon 这个科学家说是没有留 79 00:05:39,240 --> 00:05:44,260 下任何的肖像连文字记载也很少那 80 00:05:45,160 --> 00:05:50,700 这个 liken 在这里呢是动词就是 comp arecompared to 81 00:05:51,260 --> 00:05:52,100 Huxley 82 00:05:52,750 --> 00:05:58,410 波泰嘲讽意味着把这种 believe 把这个观点这种说法 83 00:05:58,410 --> 00:06:03,890 比作比作什么呢 a succession of rubbers of wastewaste 84 00:06:03,890 --> 00:06:09,590 是一种纸牌游戏的名字就叫 waste 没法翻译成中文除 85 00:06:09,590 --> 00:06:15,410 非是音译你就叫 wist 之类的这幅画画的就是当时的人 86 00:06:15,410 --> 00:06:21,290 们玩这种 W IST 这种纸牌游戏的情形 Rubbers 是决胜局 87 00:06:21,290 --> 00:06:24,690 决胜局比如说我们在打乒乓球的时候 88 00:06:25,550 --> 00:06:28,830 一般是三 89 00:06:28,920 --> 00:06:35,680 局两胜制也就是赢对手两局就算你赢了比如说 3 比 1 5 90 00:06:35,680 --> 00:06:36,760 比 3 3 比 0 91 00:06:37,450 --> 00:06:43,290 而这个决胜局就是决定你是否赢得整场比赛 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）