第5章 敲石头的人 The Stone-Breakers · 第1讲S4

1. 老师，讲稿里说 Neptunists（水成派）认为贝壳出现在高山上是因为海平面升降，那他们怎么解释在没发洪水的时候，那么多水都跑到哪去了呢？
2. Plutonists（火成派）和 Neptunists 对地球变化的看法完全相反，一个是靠水，一个是靠火，他们争论的核心焦点到底在哪里呀？
3. Hutton 观察到土壤是被水流冲刷走的，按理说地球表面应该越来越平，可为什么现实中到处还是山呢？这里有个什么矛盾？
4. 为什么 Hutton 提出的这个‘地球内部热能导致山脉隆起’的观点，在当时没引起注意，而且过了两百年才被地质学家真正接受呢？
5. 讲稿最后提到 Hutton 的理论颠覆了我们对地球的理解，这跟后来那个‘板块构造学说’（plate tectonics）有啥联系吗？

1. Teacher, the script says Neptunists thought seashells on mountains were due to sea level changes, but how did they explain where all that water went when there was no flood?
2. Plutonists and Neptunists have completely opposite views on Earth's changes—one relies on water, the other on fire. What was the core focus of their debate?
3. Hutton observed that soil is washed away by water, so logically the Earth's surface should become flatter, but why are there still mountains everywhere? What's the contradiction here?
4. Why did Hutton's idea about 'internal heat causing mountain uplift' attract almost no attention at the time, and why was it only accepted by geologists after 200 years?
5. The script mentions Hutton's theory overturned our understanding of the Earth. How is it connected to the later 'plate tectonics' theory?

1 00:00:06,000 --> 00:00:10,660 One group known as the Neptunists was convinced that 2 00:00:10,660 --> 00:00:13,900 everything on Earth,including seashells, 3 00:00:13,900 --> 00:00:16,240 in improbably lofty places, 4 00:00:16,520 --> 00:00:20,020 could be explained by rising and falling sea levels. 5 00:00:21,780 --> 00:00:25,300 Neptunist 这个词水成派, 6 00:00:25,400 --> 00:00:27,800 因为分成两派嘛,一派就水成派。 7 00:00:28,120 --> 00:00:31,520 不知道大家还记不记得这个词叫 Neptune, 8 00:00:31,580 --> 00:00:33,960 N E P T U N E。 9 00:00:33,960 --> 00:00:38,000 如果不记得去查一下这是我们在第一章里面见过好多 10 00:00:38,000 --> 00:00:41,760 次的一个词如果你知道它的意思那你就明白为什么 11 00:00:41,760 --> 00:00:45,440 Neptunist 可以翻译成水船派 12 00:00:46,320 --> 00:00:46,760 好了 13 00:00:46,820 --> 00:00:52,180 这一派他们认为地球上的所有的事物包括那些 Se 14 00:00:52,180 --> 00:00:56,720 ashells In improbably lofty places Lofty means high 15 00:00:56,720 --> 00:01:01,460 High places 看似很不可思议的在高处被发现的这些贝 16 00:01:01,460 --> 00:01:06,320 壳这些事物都可以用什么来解释呢那就是 Rising and 17 00:01:06,320 --> 00:01:10,940 Falling Sea Levels 可以用海平面的上升和下降来解释 18 00:01:10,940 --> 00:01:15,410 他们相信 They believed that mountains, 19 00:01:15,690 --> 00:01:20,070 hills and other featureswere as old as the earth itself 20 00:01:20,070 --> 00:01:23,750 and were changed only when water sloshed over 21 00:01:23,750 --> 00:01:26,130 themduring periods of global flooding 22 00:01:27,010 --> 00:01:32,470 他们认为地球上的所有的高山所有的 features 就包括 23 00:01:32,470 --> 00:01:40,270 那些河流啊峡谷啊所有的东西跟地球一样古老也就是 24 00:01:40,270 --> 00:01:45,530 在地球荡生之日起它们就已经存在了然后就没有改变 25 00:01:47,270 --> 00:01:57,450 只有在什么时候才发生一点的改变呢当发生全球性的 26 00:01:57,450 --> 00:02:03,550 大洪水的时候洪水漫过这些高山然后才产生了一些变 27 00:02:03,550 --> 00:02:04,850 化用 28 00:02:05,240 --> 00:02:10,200 这个来解释前面说的为什么贝壳会出现在高山上那是 29 00:02:10,200 --> 00:02:14,360 因为原来海平面曾经有那么高过那 30 00:02:15,190 --> 00:02:16,590 这个 Global Flooding 31 00:02:18,050 --> 00:02:24,370 这种大洪水这个传说在世界各地都有比如说我们中国 32 00:02:24,370 --> 00:02:31,070 有大雨之水在圣经里面呢有那个莫亚方舟的故事 33 00:02:32,280 --> 00:02:38,040 这里这三幅油画题目都叫 The Deluge Deluge 就是大洪 34 00:02:38,040 --> 00:02:38,700 水的意思 35 00:02:40,230 --> 00:02:45,030 这个传说中的大洪水跟这种水城派的理论似乎还有些 36 00:02:45,030 --> 00:02:45,590 呼应 37 00:03:04,840 --> 00:03:10,340 跟他们针锋相对的是火城派他们指出火山和地震都是 38 00:03:10,340 --> 00:03:15,160 一些 enlivening agentsenliven 这个词有点像是我们 39 00:03:15,160 --> 00:03:20,320 中文说的激活使得本来死气沉沉的世界有了一点活力 40 00:03:20,320 --> 00:03:24,960 agents means a force or substance that causes a change 41 00:03:25,720 --> 00:03:31,100 火山和地震与其他的一些使地球发生变化的力量或者 42 00:03:31,100 --> 00:03:37,020 物质一起不断地改变着地球的面貌而这个东西跟 43 00:03:37,020 --> 00:03:41,820 wayward seas 跟大海是一点关系都没有 wayward means 44 00:03:41,820 --> 00:03:44,940 behaving badly in a way that is difficult to 45 00:03:44,940 --> 00:03:51,160 controllike a wayward child 任性的孩子就跟那些狂暴 46 00:03:51,160 --> 00:03:56,200 任性的大海跟大洪水没有关系 The Plut onists also 47 00:03:56,200 --> 00:03:59,700 raised awkward questionsabout where all the water 48 00:03:59,700 --> 00:04:04,520 went when it wasn't in floodawkward 这里指的是让对方 49 00:04:04,520 --> 00:04:05,660 感到难堪的 50 00:04:06,420 --> 00:04:11,780 Plut onist 还提出了一个让对方感到难堪的问题那就 51 00:04:11,780 --> 00:04:16,780 是在不发洪水的时候在非洪水期间那么多的水倒到哪 52 00:04:16,780 --> 00:04:17,380 去了呢 53 00:04:19,340 --> 00:04:23,220 If there was enough of it at times to cover the Alps then 54 00:04:23,220 --> 00:04:24,160 where,pray, 55 00:04:24,360 --> 00:04:27,600 was itduring times of tranquilitysuch as now 56 00:04:28,760 --> 00:04:37,320 这个 pray 就相当于是请问我们看他的形容词吧 57 00:04:40,980 --> 00:04:43,180 一个宁静的小村庄 58 00:04:46,420 --> 00:04:53,120 如果水曾经多到可以淹没阿尔卑斯山的山顶那么请问 59 00:04:53,120 --> 00:05:00,220 在平静的时代也就是在现在这样平静的年代那些水都 60 00:05:00,220 --> 00:05:01,080 到哪去了 61 00:05:21,530 --> 00:05:28,310 他们认为地球不仅仅只受到外部力量的影响它也遭受 62 00:05:28,310 --> 00:05:38,970 到强大的内部力量的影响然而但是他们 63 00:05:39,260 --> 00:05:44,600 也不能够令人信服地解释这些贝壳是怎么跑到山顶上 64 00:05:44,600 --> 00:05:45,060 去的 65 00:05:45,990 --> 00:05:51,210 刚才提到的这个 Alps 阿尔卑斯山是欧洲最大的山脉最 66 00:05:51,210 --> 00:05:58,240 高的大概在这个位置这 67 00:06:01,280 --> 00:06:06,560 张放大一点可以看到它是在法国东南部这个意大利北 68 00:06:06,560 --> 00:06:11,680 部还有这个 Sw itzerland 瑞典还有德国 Austria 就是奥 69 00:06:11,680 --> 00:06:13,680 地利这些国家 This 70 00:06:14,360 --> 00:06:16,220 is the landscape of the Alps 71 00:06:18,720 --> 00:06:22,160 It was while puzzling over these matters that Hought on 72 00:06:22,160 --> 00:06:24,340 had a series of exceptional insights 73 00:06:25,150 --> 00:06:29,930 Puzzling over means thinking over 就是在一直在考虑 74 00:06:29,930 --> 00:06:34,070 在思考这些问题的时候 Hought on 有了一些 un usual 75 00:06:34,070 --> 00:06:35,790 insights,exceptional, 76 00:06:35,810 --> 00:06:40,250 不同寻常的,有了一些过人的发现。 77 00:06:40,350 --> 00:06:42,690 From looking at his own farmland, 78 00:06:42,910 --> 00:06:46,390 he could see that soil was created by the erosion of 79 00:06:46,390 --> 00:06:46,770 rocks, 80 00:06:47,030 --> 00:06:50,070 and that particles of this soil were continually 81 00:06:50,070 --> 00:06:54,890 washed away and carried off by streams and rivers and 82 00:06:54,890 --> 00:06:56,650 redeposited elsewhere. 83 00:06:58,300 --> 00:07:05,440 从观察自己家的农田他可以看出来土壤呢是由于岩石 84 00:07:05,440 --> 00:07:12,620 遭到侵蚀而形成的 Erosion 一般来讲是指流水和风的 85 00:07:12,620 --> 00:07:18,240 侵蚀 And that particles of this soilparticle 就是粒子 86 00:07:18,240 --> 00:07:24,040 就是这个土壤的粒子 were continually washed away 会 87 00:07:24,040 --> 00:07:28,720 不断地被冲刷被冲走然后就会被 carried off by 88 00:07:28,720 --> 00:07:34,460 streams and rivers 会被溪流给带走 and re deposited 89 00:07:34,460 --> 00:07:39,560 elsewhere 然后这个 particles 就会 re deposit 90 00:07:39,560 --> 00:07:43,780 elsewhere 在其他地方沉积下来堆积下来 91 00:07:44,300 --> 00:07:49,200 deposit 这个词很多的意思比如说这个 I deposited 92 00:07:50,400 --> 00:07:52,700 3,000 in my account Count, 93 00:07:52,860 --> 00:07:55,700 这个 Deposit 是指存钱, 94 00:07:55,900 --> 00:07:58,020 往我账户里面存钱。 95 00:07:58,740 --> 00:08:02,040 Please deposit your things in your room and return to 96 00:08:02,040 --> 00:08:05,480 the hotel lo ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）