第4章 万物的尺度 The Measure of Things · 第8讲S1

1. 老师，讲稿里说 Cavendish 做的事“almost nothing... was entirely divorced from strangeness”，这里的 divorced 本意是离婚，为什么用来形容他的实验很怪异呀？
2. 文中提到他的同僚们感到“exasperation”（抓狂），是因为 Cavendish 在发表的文章里“alluded to”（暗示）了一些没告诉别人的实验结果，这跟直接说出来有什么区别？
3. 作者说 Cavendish 在保密方面不仅“resembled”（像）牛顿，而且“actively exceeded”（远远超过）他，这两个词在这里对比着用，是想强调什么？
4. 为什么 Cavendish 关于导电性（electrical conductivity）的实验会“a century ahead of their time”（超前一个世纪），结果却直到那个世纪过去都没被发现？
5. 讲稿里用了好几个词都表示“预见”或“提前想到”，比如 anticipate, foreshadow 和 invision，它们之间有啥细微的区别吗？

1. The text says almost nothing Cavendish did was 'divorced from strangeness.' Since 'divorce' usually means ending a marriage, why is it used here to describe his weird experiments?
2. The text mentions his colleagues were 'exasperated' because Cavendish 'alluded to' secret experimental results in his published work. What's the difference between alluding to something and stating it directly?
3. The author says Cavendish didn't merely 'resemble' Newton in secrecy but 'actively exceeded' him. What does this contrast emphasize about Cavendish's behavior?
4. Why were Cavendish's experiments on 'electrical conductivity' considered 'a century ahead of their time,' yet remained undiscovered until that century had passed?
5. The lecture uses several verbs like 'anticipate,' 'foreshadow,' and 'invision' to describe how Cavendish predicted future work. What are the subtle differences between these words?

1 00:00:03,540 --> 00:00:06,460 Ten state the nearly fourteen million years ago, 2 00:00:06,540 --> 00:00:08,600 expansion started way back in the... 3 00:00:11,130 --> 00:00:12,130 Hello everyone, 4 00:00:12,450 --> 00:00:15,650 now we have finally come to the last session of chapter 5 00:00:15,650 --> 00:00:16,190 4, 6 00:00:16,910 --> 00:00:19,810 and we will continue to learn about Cavendish's last 7 00:00:19,810 --> 00:00:20,970 signal achievement, 8 00:00:21,430 --> 00:00:24,070 the calculation of gravitational constant. 9 00:00:24,490 --> 00:00:25,370 Here we go. 10 00:00:26,750 --> 00:00:28,510 In the course of a long life, 11 00:00:28,770 --> 00:00:31,070 Cavendish made a string of signal discoveries. 12 00:00:31,670 --> 00:00:32,830 Among much else, 13 00:00:32,890 --> 00:00:35,270 he was the first person to isolate hydrogen, 14 00:00:35,270 --> 00:00:39,170 and the first to combine hydrogen and oxygen to form 15 00:00:39,170 --> 00:00:39,530 water, 16 00:00:39,770 --> 00:00:43,130 but almost nothing he did was entirely divorced from 17 00:00:43,130 --> 00:00:44,110 strangeness. 18 00:00:44,730 --> 00:00:49,870 String 本意是细绳子,a string of means a series of, 19 00:00:49,910 --> 00:00:50,790 一系列的, 20 00:00:50,870 --> 00:00:54,070 signal discovery means important discovery, 21 00:00:54,430 --> 00:00:56,490 signal means important or extraordinary, 22 00:00:56,870 --> 00:00:58,630 you can say signal achievement, 23 00:00:59,070 --> 00:01:01,610 signal success or signal failure, 24 00:01:02,480 --> 00:01:06,180 but almost nothing he did was entirely divorced from 25 00:01:06,180 --> 00:01:08,220 strangenessdiv orce, 26 00:01:08,340 --> 00:01:12,020 probably you have learned this word 可能以前有学员学 27 00:01:12,020 --> 00:01:14,060 过,意思是离婚在这里呢, 28 00:01:14,080 --> 00:01:18,920 跟离婚的意思还是有一点关联的意思就是 separate 他 29 00:01:19,210 --> 00:01:25,170 所做的事情里面几乎没有哪一项能够完全跟怪异分开 30 00:01:25,170 --> 00:01:31,150 这是字面的意思那其实就是说他所做的事情或多或少 31 00:01:31,150 --> 00:01:33,510 都有点怪异好了, 32 00:01:34,140 --> 00:01:38,360 现在我们再把破折号里的这个部分放进来这个是插入 33 00:01:38,360 --> 00:01:39,840 语 Among my gels, 34 00:01:40,120 --> 00:01:43,720 he was the first person to isolate hydrogen Among my 35 00:01:43,720 --> 00:01:47,140 gels 指的是在他的各项成就各项发现, 36 00:01:47,220 --> 00:01:53,840 各项的重大发现之中他是第一个把氢给单独分离出来 37 00:01:53,840 --> 00:01:56,680 的人 Isolate means 38 00:01:56,870 --> 00:02:01,950 separate 单独的把它分离出来这个词你们在其他地方 39 00:02:01,950 --> 00:02:04,910 可能也会见到意思就是孤立 40 00:02:05,050 --> 00:02:07,310 隔开的意思 And 41 00:02:07,400 --> 00:02:10,580 the first to combine hydrogen and oxygen to form water 42 00:02:10,580 --> 00:02:17,340 它也是把氢和氧合在一起形成水的第一人 To 43 00:02:18,590 --> 00:02:21,470 the continuing ex asperation of his fellow scientists 44 00:02:21,470 --> 00:02:25,490 he often alluded in published work to the results of 45 00:02:25,490 --> 00:02:28,370 contingent experiments that he had not told anyone 46 00:02:28,370 --> 00:02:34,220 aboutex asperation 的动词是 ex asperate to ex 47 00:02:34,220 --> 00:02:37,700 asperate means to make someone very angry or impatient 48 00:02:37,700 --> 00:02:42,500 to annoy someone 这个 ex asperation 就很像中文里边说 49 00:02:42,500 --> 00:02:48,000 的抓狂 fellow scientists 指的是科学界的同人同僚 50 00:02:48,000 --> 00:02:54,100 fellow students 是同学 fellow workers 同事让 51 00:02:54,420 --> 00:03:01,140 他的科学界同仁感到十分抓狂的是 He often alluded in 52 00:03:01,140 --> 00:03:05,660 published work Published work means books or papers 可 53 00:03:05,660 --> 00:03:10,940 能发表的文章或者出版的著作经常在这里面 alluded 54 00:03:10,940 --> 00:03:14,420 to something Allude means to mention something 55 00:03:14,420 --> 00:03:19,920 indirectly 暗示不是直接的讲出来的 To the results of 56 00:03:19,920 --> 00:03:23,540 contingent experimentcontingent means possible 57 00:03:24,610 --> 00:03:29,610 所以让科学家们感到抓狂的是他经常在自己发表的文 58 00:03:29,610 --> 00:03:34,850 章里面间接地提到在里面暗示说他有一些其他的实验 59 00:03:34,850 --> 00:03:39,890 结果都没有跟别人说过但是他又不直说所以就让人十 60 00:03:39,890 --> 00:03:43,510 分抓狂了因为大家都想知道他到底做了哪些事 61 00:03:46,480 --> 00:03:50,020 In his secretiveness he didn't merely resemble Newton 62 00:03:50,020 --> 00:03:55,550 but actively exceeded him Secretive A secretive 63 00:03:55,550 --> 00:03:58,970 person likes to keep their thoughts or actions hidden 64 00:03:58,970 --> 00:04:04,050 from others 指的是那种做事非常秘密喜欢一个人秘密 65 00:04:04,050 --> 00:04:09,270 地做不跟别人交流的秘而不宣的这样的个性在这一点 66 00:04:09,270 --> 00:04:13,990 上呢 He did not merely resemble Newton Resemble means 67 00:04:13,990 --> 00:04:17,850 to look like or to be similar to someone or something 他 68 00:04:17,850 --> 00:04:21,570 不仅只是跟牛顿有点像而已而是呢, 69 00:04:21,590 --> 00:04:23,950 actively exceeded him, 70 00:04:24,070 --> 00:04:26,410 to exceed means to go beyond, 71 00:04:26,570 --> 00:04:30,170 to surpass,而且呢是远远的超过他, 72 00:04:30,290 --> 00:04:34,660 比牛顿是有过之而无不及。 73 00:04:35,160 --> 00:04:38,880 His experiments with electrical conductivity were a 74 00:04:38,880 --> 00:04:40,680 century ahead of their time, 75 00:04:40,820 --> 00:04:44,400 but unfortunately remained undiscovered until that 76 00:04:44,400 --> 00:04:45,780 century had passed. 77 00:04:47,790 --> 00:04:49,630 我们先看它的动词 78 00:04:58,750 --> 00:05:04,610 这个词在物理上是传导的意思可以指电或者热的传导 79 00:05:04,610 --> 00:05:10,770 那这里指的是导电性能那它所做的关于导电性的实验 80 00:05:10,770 --> 00:05:18,410 超前了一个世纪但是呢遗憾的是直到他所在的那个世 81 00:05:18,410 --> 00:05:22,690 纪都已经过去了他所做的实验还不被人所知 82 00:05:24,000 --> 00:05:25,780 这的确跟牛顿有点像 83 00:05:26,180 --> 00:05:30,580 牛顿也是经常做的一些什么有了一些重大的发现但是 84 00:05:30,580 --> 00:05:34,320 他不发表不去跟别人分享交流他的成果 85 00:05:52,120 --> 00:05:52,680 的 86 00:05:53,120 --> 00:06:00,460 确他的大部分工作直到 19 世纪才被别人知道当时是有 87 00:06:00,460 --> 00:06:05,220 一个剑桥大学的物理学家叫 James 他承担了一个工作 88 00:06:05,220 --> 00:06:09,180 那就是编辑 Kevin Dish 留下的论文 89 00:06:18,540 --> 00:06:24,480 就是你对别人所做的事情的赞扬和认可也可以说是功 90 00:06:24,480 --> 00:06:25,980 劳比如这个例句 91 00:06:31,650 --> 00:06:35,910 在此之前呢因为别人都不知道凯文迪斯到底有什么成 92 00:06:35,910 --> 00:06:40,730 就都做了哪些事所以很多的功劳都是给了别人而实际 93 00:06:40,73 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）