第4章 万物的尺度 The Measure of Things · 第5讲S2

1. 老师，讲稿里说那个法国团队花了快十年测出结果，结果发现牛顿是对的，他们之前的测量反而错了。为啥他们原本以为能证明牛顿错了，最后却成了“帮倒忙”，还让另一个团队抢了头筹？这背后的逻辑是啥？
2. 文中提到那个在斯堪的纳维亚测量的团队面临着 "squelching bogs" 和 "dangerous ice flows"。"squelching" 这个词看着挺生僻，它具体形容的是种什么声音或感觉的沼泽？这种环境对测量工作到底造成了多大麻烦？
3. 这里有个对比：赤道周长比经过两极的经线周长长43公里。既然都是“度”（a degree）的经线长度，为什么在两极地区反而比赤道地区更长？这跟地球是“扁球体”有什么关系？
4. 牛顿推测把铅锤（plumb bob）挂在山旁边，铅锤线会轻微偏向大山。既然山的质量跟地球比起来微不足道，为啥山的引力能拉动铅锤线？这跟万有引力常数（g）的计算有什么直接联系？
5. 之前秘鲁的科考队也想用大山测地球质量，但失败了。讲稿里说他们被 "technical difficulties" 和 "squabbling" 打败了。除了吵架，技术上具体难在哪？为什么这个想法后来能由英国的 Maskeline 成功复活并实施？

1. The transcript says the French team spent nearly ten years only to find out Newton was right and their previous measurements were wrong. Why did they end up proving Newton instead of disproving him, and why did another team beat them to the punch?
2. The team in Scandinavia faced "squelching bogs" and "dangerous ice flows." What exactly does "squelching" describe in terms of sound or feeling, and how did this environment complicate their measurements?
3. The text mentions the equatorial circumference is 43 km longer than the polar one. If it's the length of 'a degree' of longitude, why is it longer near the poles? How does this relate to the Earth being an oblate spheroid?
4. Newton hypothesized that a plumb bob near a mountain would deflect slightly toward it. Since a mountain's mass is negligible compared to Earth's, how can its gravity pull the plumb line? What is the direct link to calculating the universal gravitational constant (g)?
5. The earlier team in Peru failed to measure Earth's mass using a mountain due to "technical difficulties" and "squabbling." Besides arguing, what were the specific technical challenges? Why was this idea successfully revived by Neville Maskeline later?

1 00:00:06,350 --> 00:00:08,610 Shortly before concluding the project, 2 00:00:08,970 --> 00:00:12,470 they received word that a second French team, 3 00:00:12,670 --> 00:00:15,250 taking measurements in northern Scandinavia, 4 00:00:15,430 --> 00:00:18,010 and facing notable discomforts of their own, 5 00:00:18,210 --> 00:00:21,610 from squelching bogs to dangerous ice flows, 6 00:00:21,850 --> 00:00:25,570 had found that a degree was in fact longer near the 7 00:00:25,570 --> 00:00:27,370 poles,as Newton had promised. 8 00:00:28,900 --> 00:00:33,780 划线的部分是句子的主干 they received word that 他们 9 00:00:33,780 --> 00:00:40,080 得到消息说 a second team 另外一个法国的科考团队 had 10 00:00:40,080 --> 00:00:45,160 found that 他们已经测量出结果了那就是 a degree was 11 00:00:45,160 --> 00:00:47,020 in fact longer near the pose 12 00:00:47,740 --> 00:00:54,320 一度的长度一度经线的长度在两级地区是要更长的这 13 00:00:54,320 --> 00:00:56,900 跟牛顿所说的一致那 14 00:00:57,540 --> 00:01:01,100 现在再来看一下细节的部分 Shortly before 15 00:01:01,100 --> 00:01:04,900 concluding the project Concluding means completing, 16 00:01:05,300 --> 00:01:11,180 finishing 就在他们的测量项目快要结束的时候 They 17 00:01:11,180 --> 00:01:13,140 received word that Word 18 00:01:13,260 --> 00:01:18,480 消息他们得到了这个消息就是第二个法国团队 Taking 19 00:01:18,480 --> 00:01:22,250 measurements in northern Scandinavia 这个是修士这 20 00:01:22,250 --> 00:01:27,900 个 French team 这个法国团队当时正在斯坦迪纳维亚半 21 00:01:27,900 --> 00:01:33,240 岛的北部进行测量这个 N orthern Scandinavia Here is 22 00:01:33,240 --> 00:01:37,920 Scandinavia It's in the northwest of Europe 是在欧洲 23 00:01:37,920 --> 00:01:44,640 的西北角也就是瑞典和挪威那里他们在那进行测量这 24 00:01:44,640 --> 00:01:48,820 一个科考团队呢 Facing notable discomforts of their 25 00:01:48,820 --> 00:01:49,140 own 26 00:01:49,970 --> 00:01:55,530 他们面临着完全不同的困难 discomfort 就种种的不舒 27 00:01:55,530 --> 00:02:02,690 服 notable 值得注意的显著的那他们的种种不是是什 28 00:02:02,690 --> 00:02:06,980 么呢跟在赤道就不一样了他们那里有 squelching box 29 00:02:06,980 --> 00:02:09,880 这就是 box 就是沼泽 30 00:02:10,810 --> 00:02:15,510 而这个 squelching 是一个像什么词你可以想象这样的 31 00:02:15,510 --> 00:02:20,380 沼泽地如果你脚踩上去是什么声音就是叭唧叭唧的这 32 00:02:20,380 --> 00:02:25,530 样 Squelching box 然后还有 Dangerous ice flows This is 33 00:02:25,530 --> 00:02:31,530 an ice flow Ice flow 就是浮冰而且还有危险的浮冰要是 34 00:02:31,530 --> 00:02:36,950 船撞上去的话就有可能会翻掉这一个法国团队他们 35 00:02:36,950 --> 00:02:41,510 had found that a degree was in fact longer near the poles 36 00:02:41,510 --> 00:02:44,090 as Newton had promised The 37 00:02:44,220 --> 00:02:48,140 earth was 43 kilometers stouter Stouter when measured 38 00:02:48,140 --> 00:02:49,600 equatorially, 39 00:02:49,700 --> 00:02:53,580 then when measured from top to bottom around the pose. 40 00:02:54,490 --> 00:02:56,130 Stouter means fatter, 41 00:02:56,370 --> 00:03:00,450 and st out 就是粗壮的那种身体, 42 00:03:00,550 --> 00:03:02,250 粗壮的身形。 43 00:03:03,550 --> 00:03:11,210 地球的赤道周长要比经过两极的经线的周长要长 43 公 44 00:03:11,210 --> 00:03:11,550 里。 45 00:03:20,070 --> 00:03:23,890 only to learn now that they weren't even the first to 46 00:03:23,890 --> 00:03:26,350 find it 大家要记得 47 00:03:26,980 --> 00:03:31,460 他们这个科考团队到那里去的目的是什么为什么他们 48 00:03:31,460 --> 00:03:36,900 会去南美进行测量就是因为法国人曾经测量了金线的 49 00:03:36,900 --> 00:03:42,780 长度相当的精确法国人非常的引以为豪但是牛顿的学 50 00:03:42,780 --> 00:03:47,130 说出来以后这个测量就显得不那么准确了因为他们之 51 00:03:47,130 --> 00:03:52,500 前的测量是假设地球是一个完美的球体那现在牛顿说 52 00:03:52,500 --> 00:03:57,700 不是那他们原来的测量就不准了所以才要重新进行测 53 00:03:57,700 --> 00:03:58,760 量但 54 00:03:59,340 --> 00:04:04,320 测出来的结果却是牛顿是对的也就是说他们原来的测 55 00:04:04,320 --> 00:04:07,940 量确实是不准的所以他这里才说是 56 00:04:11,740 --> 00:04:17,480 他们花了十年的时间几乎十年的时间得到一个跟他们 57 00:04:17,480 --> 00:04:21,280 原先期望相反的结果而且呢 58 00:04:25,060 --> 00:04:25,620 而且 59 00:04:25,970 --> 00:04:31,770 现在得到消息就算是这个结果也还是由另外一个科考 60 00:04:31,770 --> 00:04:34,230 团队给抢了头筹给抢了先 61 00:04:44,010 --> 00:04:44,570 就是 62 00:04:44,660 --> 00:04:49,000 这个样子这种表情就是 listless 无精打采的 63 00:04:49,000 --> 00:04:55,060 completed their surveyfinished their surveywhich 64 00:04:55,100 --> 00:05:01,060 confirmed thatconfirm 是证实的意思他们垂头散气无 65 00:05:01,060 --> 00:05:07,380 精打采地完成了测量也证实另外一个法国团队的测量 66 00:05:07,380 --> 00:05:08,480 果然是正确的 67 00:05:09,560 --> 00:05:14,660 then still not speaking they returned to the coast and 68 00:05:14,660 --> 00:05:16,520 took separate ships home 69 00:05:17,390 --> 00:05:21,890 然后呢这两位领队到了这个时候还是 still not 70 00:05:21,890 --> 00:05:26,950 speaking 还是互相不跟对方说话的还记得吗他们之前 71 00:05:26,950 --> 00:05:30,610 吵架了然后就一直不说话那到现在还是 still not 72 00:05:30,610 --> 00:05:36,170 speaking 回到海岸之后他们各自坐船回家了好了到目 73 00:05:36,170 --> 00:05:41,540 前为止我们第四章 The measure of things 事物的测定已 74 00:05:41,540 --> 00:05:47,770 经讲了一半之前讲的基本上是地球周长的测量给地球 75 00:05:47,770 --> 00:05:52,890 量个三维现在开始呢要讲怎么给地球称体重了 76 00:05:54,900 --> 00:06:00,520 但是给地球称体重看起来要比给地球测量周长还要难 77 00:06:00,520 --> 00:06:03,560 去哪才能找到这样的一杆称呢 78 00:06:04,360 --> 00:06:06,720 答案还是在牛顿的书里面 79 00:06:23,000 --> 00:06:29,840 Conjecture 是推测,猜测的意思 Plumbob 是牵锤 80 00:06:30,380 --> 00:06:36,020 Plumb 在拉丁文中的意思就是牵虽然现在的牵锤不一 81 00:06:36,020 --> 00:06:40,820 定是牵做的但是名字没有变还是要叫做 Plumbob 这个 82 00:06:40,820 --> 00:06:43,100 Bob 是悬锤物, 83 00:06:43,200 --> 00:06:48,700 悬挂物的意思牵锤是建筑行业和木匠师傅常用的一种 84 00:06:48,700 --> 00:06:54,180 工具比如我们砌了一堵墙怎样才能知道这堵墙直不直 85 00:06:54,180 --> 00:06:58,500 呢有没有砌歪掉呢这时候就可以用一个铅锤让它垂下 86 00:06:58,500 --> 00:07:06,240 来这个铅锤线是垂直于地面的拿这根线跟墙面一比就 87 00:07:06,240 --> 00:07:13,240 知道墙面直不直了 Incline 是倾斜我们之前也学过 To 88 00:07:13,240 --> 00:07:18,820 incline your head toward the sky 抬头仰望天空牛顿在 89 00:07:19,040 --> 00:07:24,080 原理这本书里面进行了另外一项推测那就是 90 00:07:24,770 --> 00:07:31,010 A plumb bob hung near a mountain 如果把牵锤悬挂在一座 91 00:07:31,010 --> 00:07:36,150 山的附近那这个牵锤线就会 incline very slightly 92 00:07:36,150 --> 00:07:42,700 toward the mountain 就会轻微地朝山的方向偏斜也就 93 00:07:42,700 --> 00:07:48,450 是它不再垂直于地面像这样正常情况旁边如果没有高 94 00:07:48,450 --> 00:07:53,670 山它就会垂直于地面但是假如有一座大山的话这个牵 95 00:07:53,670 --> 00:07:58,530 锤线就会朝山的方向偏斜过来当然只是 slightly 文化 96 00:07:58,530 --> 00:08:04,290 的比较夸张这是什么原因呢因为这个牵锤不仅受到地 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）