第4章 万物的尺度 The Measure of Things · 第4讲S1

1. 老师，讲稿里说牛顿认为地球两极会扁平、赤道会鼓起来，变成“oblate”形状，这背后的物理原理到底是啥呀？
2. 文中提到“经线一度的长度在意大利和苏格兰会有区别”，为什么地球形状变了，这个长度就会跟着变呢？
3. 这里有个定语从句“which would make the planet slightly oblate”，这个“which”具体指代的是前面哪句话的内容呀？
4. Richard Norwood 去白木大捞珍珠的计划彻底失败了，但讲稿为什么说这段经历对他后来的工作有“正面作用”呢？
5. 牛顿的理论说地球不是完美球体，但这跟当时大家“假设地球是正球体”的旧观点冲突，为什么这个发现对测量地球大小的人来说是个“坏消息”？

1. Teacher, the transcript says Newton believed the poles would flatten and the equator would bulge, making the Earth 'oblate'. What's the physical principle behind that?
2. The text mentions that the length of a degree of longitude would differ between Italy and Scotland. Why does this length change just because the Earth's shape changed?
3. There's a relative clause here: 'which would make the planet slightly oblate'. What exactly does 'which' refer to in the previous sentence?
4. Richard Norwood's plan to harvest pearls in Baishidai failed completely, but why does the transcript say this experience had a 'positive effect' on his later work?
5. Newton's theory suggests the Earth isn't a perfect sphere, which conflicts with the old assumption that it is. Why was this discovery considered 'bad news' for those measuring the Earth's size?

1 00:00:13,580 --> 00:00:17,640 前一段课程中,牛顿出版了他的作品 2 00:00:17,980 --> 00:00:20,760 The Principia 它描述了宇宙的许多秘密, 3 00:00:21,700 --> 00:00:27,380 但一个特别的解释变得几乎立即变得不明显。 4 00:00:28,040 --> 00:00:29,780 现在,这是什么解释? 5 00:00:30,960 --> 00:00:35,100 这是指出地球不太圆滑。 6 00:00:35,500 --> 00:00:38,880 不太圆滑意味着不完全圆滑, 7 00:00:38,920 --> 00:00:40,680 不完全圆滑。 8 00:00:41,240 --> 00:00:43,080 根据牛顿的理论, 9 00:00:43,200 --> 00:00:47,540 地球的中心转动的中心转动的力量应该会有一个稍微 10 00:00:47,540 --> 00:00:50,640 的广泛的动作,并且会有一个广泛的转动, 11 00:00:50,780 --> 00:00:53,760 这将会使宇宙稍微的变弱。 12 00:00:54,790 --> 00:00:57,630 中心转动力李星利 13 00:00:58,490 --> 00:01:00,130 当您在一个圈子上移动时, 14 00:01:00,110 --> 00:01:02,050 您会感觉到您被推出了, 15 00:01:02,530 --> 00:01:04,610 这就是中心转动力。 16 00:01:04,610 --> 00:01:05,710 The 17 00:01:05,870 --> 00:01:09,210 people on the chairs seem to be flying outward because 18 00:01:09,210 --> 00:01:11,950 of this centrifugal force 由 19 00:01:12,490 --> 00:01:18,530 于地球的自转产生的离心力应该会使得地球的两极 20 00:01:18,530 --> 00:01:23,690 the poles 会稍微的扁平 a slight flattening at the 21 00:01:23,690 --> 00:01:25,970 poles 两极会比较扁平 22 00:01:26,570 --> 00:01:31,430 and a bulging at the equator 而在赤道的地方就会鼓起 23 00:01:31,430 --> 00:01:35,810 来 bulgingwhich would make the planet slightly oblate 24 00:01:35,810 --> 00:01:42,070 这样就会使得整个的星球整个的行星变成一个扁球体 25 00:01:42,070 --> 00:01:45,970 oblate 就是扁圆形的 That 26 00:01:47,760 --> 00:01:51,740 meant that the length of a degree wouldn't be the same in 27 00:01:51,740 --> 00:01:58,340 Italy as it was in Scotland 这也表示经线一度的长度在 28 00:01:58,340 --> 00:02:04,160 意大利或者在苏格兰会有一些区别 Spec ifically, 29 00:02:04,380 --> 00:02:08,640 the length would shorten as you moved away from the pose 30 00:02:08,640 --> 00:02:10,640 更精确地说, 31 00:02:10,780 --> 00:02:16,700 经线一度的长度距离两级越远就会越短 This 32 00:02:17,340 --> 00:02:20,680 was not good news for those people whose measurements 33 00:02:20,680 --> 00:02:24,680 of the Earth were based on the assumption that the Earth 34 00:02:24,680 --> 00:02:26,140 was a perfect sphere, 35 00:02:26,400 --> 00:02:29,930 which was everyone Assumption, 36 00:02:30,070 --> 00:02:35,350 我们在第一课的时候学过一个词 unassuming 当时说过 37 00:02:35,350 --> 00:02:39,210 那个 assume 但是现在的这个 assume 跟第一课的 assume 38 00:02:39,210 --> 00:02:41,190 意思是不同的 Here, 39 00:02:41,360 --> 00:02:44,820 assume means to think that something is truealthough 40 00:02:44,820 --> 00:02:49,560 you do not have definite proof of itassume 就是假定假 41 00:02:49,560 --> 00:02:50,920 设那 42 00:02:52,110 --> 00:02:56,150 这句话的结构是 This was not good news for those people 43 00:02:57,000 --> 00:03:02,600 那这对于那些人来说可不是一个好消息这里那些人又 44 00:03:02,600 --> 00:03:05,940 都是哪些人呢后面有一个定语重句就是 45 00:03:11,720 --> 00:03:18,200 这对于那些假设地球是个正圆形正球体来测量地球大 46 00:03:18,200 --> 00:03:21,280 小的人来说无疑是一个坏消息 47 00:03:22,660 --> 00:03:25,200 那么这里还有一个定语重句 48 00:03:27,180 --> 00:03:31,780 这个 which 所指代的对象又是谁呢它的先行词是什么 49 00:03:31,780 --> 00:03:32,860 呢是 50 00:03:33,410 --> 00:03:39,610 those people 也就是说这些人可不是只是一两个他是 51 00:03:39,610 --> 00:03:44,980 所有人当时所有人都是这样的他们都是把地球当成一 52 00:03:44,980 --> 00:03:48,750 个完美的正球体来对地球进行测量的 53 00:03:50,250 --> 00:03:53,750 For half a century people had been trying to work out the 54 00:03:53,750 --> 00:03:57,330 size of the earth mostly by making very exacting 55 00:03:57,330 --> 00:04:01,410 measurements Exacting means demandingdemanding a 56 00:04:01,410 --> 00:04:03,230 lot of effortcareful work 57 00:04:04,590 --> 00:04:09,250 半个世纪以来,人们不断地在企图测量地球的大小, 58 00:04:09,390 --> 00:04:11,810 大部分都量得非常仔细。 59 00:04:30,470 --> 00:04:36,530 在最早进行这项尝试的一批学者当中有一位英国的数 60 00:04:36,530 --> 00:04:41,010 学家叫 Richard Norwood 他年轻的时候曾经去过白木大 61 00:04:41,620 --> 00:04:46,320 with a diving bell 它是带着一个潜水钟去的而这个潜 62 00:04:46,320 --> 00:04:50,580 水钟呢是 modeled on Harley's device 我们前面说过哈 63 00:04:50,580 --> 00:04:55,920 雷制作了一个潜水钟这个潜水钟呢成了一个 model 一 64 00:04:55,920 --> 00:05:02,140 个模型 Noward 就依据哈雷的潜水钟以哈雷的潜水钟为 65 00:05:02,140 --> 00:05:04,940 模型又制造了一个新的潜水钟 66 00:05:05,640 --> 00:05:10,180 model 作为动词的时候就是以什么为模型的意思 67 00:05:17,220 --> 00:05:19,660 海床就是海底 68 00:05:20,480 --> 00:05:26,040 scoop 这个词在第二课的时候见过当时的意思是捷足 69 00:05:26,040 --> 00:05:27,580 先登但是 70 00:05:28,060 --> 00:05:33,540 当时也跟大家说过它的原意做名词的时候就是勺 71 00:05:33,610 --> 00:05:35,170 子像面粉勺 72 00:05:35,310 --> 00:05:40,170 冰淇淋勺那样的那现在这个动词 scooping pearls 就是 73 00:05:40,170 --> 00:05:41,830 指去捞去产 74 00:05:42,710 --> 00:05:47,660 他是怀着一个发财梦去的他以为那里有很多的珍珠可 75 00:05:47,660 --> 00:05:48,310 以采集 76 00:05:59,730 --> 00:06:06,430 但是这个发财梦这个发财的计划最像计划失败了因为 77 00:06:06,430 --> 00:06:08,830 白木大根本就没有珍珠 78 00:06:09,570 --> 00:06:16,330 而且 Noah 制作的潜水中也不管用但是 Noah 并没有浪费 79 00:06:16,330 --> 00:06:21,130 这一次经历也就是说这一次的经历虽然没有给他带来 80 00:06:21,130 --> 00:06:26,910 财富但是为他今后的一些工作还是起到了正面的作用