第4章 万物的尺度 The Measure of Things · 第3讲S2

1. 讲稿里说牛顿故意把《原理》写得很难，是为了避开那些 'mathematical smatterers'。这个 smatterer 到底是指什么样的人？为什么牛顿这么讨厌他们？
2. 文中提到 'beacon' 原意是灯塔的光，这里用来形容《原理》这本书。能详细解释一下为什么把一本难懂的书比作指引方向的灯光吗？
3. 讲稿里分析牛顿定律的顺序时，说作者把第二定律放在第一定律前面。这两条定律在逻辑上有什么区别？为什么先讲第二定律会让读者更容易理解？
4. 关于万有引力，讲稿里用了 'proportional to the mass' 和 'varies inversely as the square of the distance'。能不能用大白话解释一下，如果距离变成两倍，引力具体是怎么变化的？
5. 讲稿最后区分了 'mass'（质量）和 'weight'（重量），还举了月球和跳上秤的例子。在英语语境下，这两个词最容易混淆的地方在哪里？怎么才能真正搞懂它们的区别？

1. The transcript says Newton intentionally made the *Principia* difficult to avoid 'mathematical smatterers.' What exactly does 'smatterer' mean, and why was Newton so annoyed by them?
2. The text uses 'beacon' to describe the *Principia*. Since a beacon is a lighthouse light, can you explain why comparing a difficult book to a guiding light makes sense in this context?
3. The transcript mentions that Newton placed the second law before the first law. What is the logical difference between these two laws, and why does starting with the second law make it easier for readers to understand?
4. Regarding universal gravitation, the text uses 'proportional to the mass' and 'varies inversely as the square of the distance.' Could you explain in plain English how the force changes if the distance between two objects doubles?
5. The transcript distinguishes between 'mass' and 'weight,' using examples like the moon and jumping on a scale. In English, where do these two words usually get confused, and how can I truly grasp the difference between them?

1 00:00:05,420 --> 00:00:09,100 Although the Principia has been called one of the most 2 00:00:09,100 --> 00:00:11,120 inaccessible books ever written, 3 00:00:11,440 --> 00:00:14,840 Newton intentionally made it difficult so that he 4 00:00:14,840 --> 00:00:17,600 wouldn't be pestered by mathematical smatterers, 5 00:00:17,640 --> 00:00:18,760 as he called them. 6 00:00:18,940 --> 00:00:21,600 It was a beacon to those who could follow it. 7 00:00:22,180 --> 00:00:26,180 Access means to get to a place or to reach a place. 8 00:00:26,800 --> 00:00:29,640 The island is only accessible by boat, 9 00:00:29,800 --> 00:00:34,480 means you can only get to the island by boat.A person can 10 00:00:34,480 --> 00:00:35,480 also be accessible. 11 00:00:35,840 --> 00:00:38,300 The queen is in fact very accessible. 12 00:00:38,640 --> 00:00:41,980 It means that the queen is very easy to talk to, 13 00:00:42,060 --> 00:00:45,240 very easy to get along with.平易近人。 14 00:00:45,560 --> 00:00:47,300 If a book is accessible, 15 00:00:47,580 --> 00:00:49,840 it means the book is very easy to understand. 16 00:00:51,250 --> 00:00:55,350 Principure is the most inaccessible books ever 17 00:00:55,350 --> 00:00:57,910 written.It means it is the most difficult book, 18 00:00:58,090 --> 00:00:59,510 very difficult to understand. 19 00:01:00,230 --> 00:01:04,590 Newton made it difficult on purpose 他是故意把这本书 20 00:01:04,590 --> 00:01:09,190 写得这么难 so that he wouldn't be annoyed by those who 21 00:01:09,190 --> 00:01:11,170 do not know much about mathematics 22 00:01:12,940 --> 00:01:16,120 Smetaurus 指的是对某项事物 23 00:01:16,700 --> 00:01:19,560 只是一知半解有着半同水水平的人 24 00:01:20,080 --> 00:01:22,800 Newton 就不愿意让这些人读这本书 25 00:01:23,710 --> 00:01:25,250 不愿意被他们烦 26 00:01:25,870 --> 00:01:28,610 所以就故意写得这么难 it 27 00:01:29,310 --> 00:01:32,950 was a beacon to those who could follow it beacon is the 28 00:01:32,950 --> 00:01:39,820 light on the lighthouse beacon 就是指引航向的灯光那 29 00:01:39,820 --> 00:01:44,520 么对于可以读懂这本书的人来说这本书就像是茫茫大 30 00:01:44,520 --> 00:01:48,360 海上指引方向的明灯一样 it 31 00:01:49,130 --> 00:01:52,370 not only explained mathematically the orbits of 32 00:01:52,370 --> 00:01:56,170 heavenly bodies but also identified the attractive 33 00:01:56,170 --> 00:01:56,730 force 34 00:01:59,550 --> 00:02:06,280 这本书不仅仅只是用数学解释了天体的运行轨道 35 00:02:07,000 --> 00:02:13,660 而且它确定了导致天体运动的最基本的吸引力也就是 36 00:02:13,660 --> 00:02:18,260 万有引力 in the first place 指的是最基本的首要的那 37 00:02:18,260 --> 00:02:22,730 个力 Certainly,every motion in the universe made 38 00:02:22,730 --> 00:02:24,660 sense 斗然间, 39 00:02:24,780 --> 00:02:30,300 宇宙间每一个运动所有的运动都变得可以解释了都讲 40 00:02:30,300 --> 00:02:31,840 得通了 At 41 00:02:34,370 --> 00:02:37,710 Principia's heart were Newton's three laws of 42 00:02:37,710 --> 00:02:42,250 motionwhich state very boldly that a thing moves in the 43 00:02:42,250 --> 00:02:45,770 direction in which it is pushed that it will keep moving 44 00:02:45,770 --> 00:02:50,190 in a straight lineuntil some other force acts to slow or 45 00:02:50,190 --> 00:02:50,930 deflect it 46 00:03:02,170 --> 00:03:05,760 这个句子的主干结构是这样的 47 00:03:12,580 --> 00:03:13,020 原 48 00:03:13,140 --> 00:03:18,320 理这本书的核心就是牛顿的三大运动定律以及他的万 49 00:03:18,320 --> 00:03:21,640 有引力定律括号里的部分都是在解释 50 00:03:22,900 --> 00:03:24,660 他的三大运动定律 51 00:03:31,400 --> 00:03:41,900 就说话的时候没有任何的掩饰光秃秃的直接了当的说 52 00:03:41,900 --> 00:03:42,060 了 53 00:03:42,840 --> 00:03:48,100 that 之后的就是具体的来解释牛顿的三大运动定律 54 00:03:48,790 --> 00:03:50,030 我们先看第一句 55 00:03:53,490 --> 00:03:59,310 物体受力时会沿着受力的方向移动这其实是牛顿第二 56 00:03:59,310 --> 00:04:03,900 运动定律虽然这里摆在第一位但是基上是第二定律第 57 00:04:03,900 --> 00:04:06,710 二定律也叫做加速度定律 58 00:04:07,330 --> 00:04:13,410 作者这里只提到了方向他没有提到说力越大加速度就 59 00:04:13,410 --> 00:04:18,990 越大而且物体的质量越大加速度就越小 OK, 60 00:04:19,180 --> 00:04:22,520 let me put it this way This means that the harder you kick 61 00:04:22,520 --> 00:04:26,760 a ball the faster it will go and the heavier the ball is 62 00:04:26,760 --> 00:04:29,820 the more slowly it will go Well, 63 00:04:29,940 --> 00:04:33,240 and that it will keep moving in a straight lineuntil 64 00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:37,840 some other force acts to slow or deflect it Deflect 65 00:04:37,960 --> 00:04:44,140 意思是改变方向那这个物体会沿着一条直线渐渐匀速 66 00:04:44,140 --> 00:04:49,740 运动直到有其他的力降低了它的速度或者改变了它的 67 00:04:49,740 --> 00:04:55,360 运动方向其实这条是牛顿的第一定律说的是当一个物 68 00:04:55,360 --> 00:05:00,840 体没有受到外力作用时它要么在一个地方不动要么沿 69 00:05:00,840 --> 00:05:05,980 着一个方向永远匀速运动下去这个是惯性定律 So this 70 00:05:05,980 --> 00:05:10,080 means that if you kick a ball it will fly foreverunless 71 00:05:10,080 --> 00:05:14,140 some sort of force acts on it But this does not seem to 72 00:05:14,140 --> 00:05:17,940 happen in daily lifebecause gravity always pulls the 73 00:05:17,940 --> 00:05:21,300 ball down to the ground and the air resistance slows it 74 00:05:21,300 --> 00:05:25,860 down 那现在我们可以考虑一下作者为什么把第二定律 75 00:05:25,860 --> 00:05:31,060 摆在前面而把第一定律放在后面呢其实它是为了让大 76 00:05:31,060 --> 00:05:35,900 家便于理解首先一个物体受到一个力的作用然后它就 77 00:05:35,900 --> 00:05:40,040 沿着这个力的方向运动下去了 It will keep moving in a 78 00:05:40,040 --> 00:05:44,540 straight line 然后这个东西就会继续沿着直线向前运 79 00:05:44,540 --> 00:05:49,160 动这样感觉听起来会比较顺一些现在看第三定律 And 80 00:05:49,160 --> 00:05:53,520 that every action has an opposite and equal reaction 每 81 00:05:53,520 --> 00:05:59,720 一个作用力都有一个方向跟它相仿大小相等的反作用 82 00:05:59,720 --> 00:06:03,960 力 This means that there are always two forces that are 83 00:06:03,960 --> 00:06:07,760 the same In the example where you kick the ball There is 84 00:06:07,760 --> 00:06:11,620 the force of your foot on the ball but there is also the 85 00:06:11,620 --> 00:06:16,140 same amount of force that the ball puts on your foot this 86 00:06:16,140 --> 00:06:21,360 force is in the exact opposite direction 这三大定律在 87 00:06:21,360 --> 00:06:24,400 中学物理中都可以接触到 this 88 00:06:25,300 --> 00:06:30,460 states thatevery object in the universeexerts a tug on 89 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）