第4章 万物的尺度 The Measure of Things · 第2讲S2

1. 讲稿里说牛顿发明了微积分却藏了27年没发表，他为啥要这么干？是怕被人抢了功劳还是觉得当时的数学圈子太保守？
2. 文中提到牛顿对光学的研究为光谱学奠定了基础，但我有点搞混spectroscopy（光谱学）和spectrum（光谱）这两个词，它们到底有啥区别？光谱是怎么按波长排列的？
3. 老师，这里有个挺讽刺的点：牛顿信奉的是否认‘三位一体’的阿里乌教派，但他工作的学院却叫‘三一学院’（Trinity College）。这个‘三位一体’具体指哪三位？为啥这算异端？
4. 讲稿里区分了dabble（浅尝辄止）和wholehearted devotion（全身心投入），说牛顿搞炼金术和宗教研究不是随便玩玩。那咋判断一个人是dabble还是serious research？有啥具体的例子吗？
5. 除了微积分和光学，讲稿提到牛顿至少一半时间花在炼金术和宗教上。既然他是科学巨匠，为啥会对这些看起来‘不科学’的东西这么着迷？这对他后来的科学研究有影响吗？

1. The transcript says Newton invented calculus but hid it for 27 years. Why did he do that? Was he afraid of someone stealing his credit, or did he find the math community too conservative back then?
2. I'm a bit confused about the difference between 'spectroscopy' and 'spectrum' mentioned in the text. How exactly is the spectrum arranged by wavelength, and what's the key distinction between the two terms?
3. There's an ironic point here: Newton secretly believed in Arianism, which denied the 'Holy Trinity,' yet he worked at Trinity College. Who exactly makes up the 'Holy Trinity,' and why was that specific belief considered heretical?
4. The transcript distinguishes between 'dabbling' and 'wholehearted devotion,' stating Newton wasn't just playing around with alchemy and religion. How can we tell if someone is dabbling versus doing serious research? Are there specific examples to illustrate this?
5. Besides calculus and optics, the text mentions Newton spent at least half his life on alchemy and religion. Since he was such a brilliant scientist, why was he so obsessed with these seemingly 'unscientific' pursuits? Did it influence his scientific work later on?

1 00:00:19,500 --> 00:00:22,020 当他还是一个学生的时候, 2 00:00:22,260 --> 00:00:25,800 他就感觉到传统的数学有诸多的束缚, 3 00:00:25,900 --> 00:00:30,560 有诸多的限制,缺陷,束缚。 4 00:00:41,620 --> 00:00:46,300 但他还是个学生的时候就觉得传统的数学非常不好用 5 00:00:46,300 --> 00:00:49,040 他感到非常的不耐烦就 6 00:00:49,320 --> 00:00:57,940 发明了一种全新的形式就是微积分但是他并没有把这 7 00:00:57,940 --> 00:01:03,160 项成果发表出来没有与人分享藏了 27 年 in 8 00:01:03,360 --> 00:01:07,020 like manner means in a similar way in a similar 9 00:01:07,020 --> 00:01:14,190 mannerlike 是形容词而不是喜欢也就是同样的 he did 10 00:01:14,190 --> 00:01:18,530 work in optics 指的是他从事光学研究 that 11 00:01:18,530 --> 00:01:22,110 transformed our understanding of light and laid the 12 00:01:22,110 --> 00:01:26,250 foundation for the science of spectroscopy and 13 00:01:26,320 --> 00:01:28,960 again chose not to share the results for three decades 14 00:01:29,480 --> 00:01:35,040 它对光学的贡献改变了我们对光的认识 Transform 就 15 00:01:35,040 --> 00:01:41,020 彻底改变了我们对光的认识为光谱学奠定了基础 Late 16 00:01:41,020 --> 00:01:44,000 the foundation for the science of spectroscopy 17 00:01:44,880 --> 00:01:49,660 我们了解一下这个 spectroscopy 我们平常看到的光是 18 00:01:49,660 --> 00:01:55,660 白色的也就是无色光但是当它照在一个分光镜或者说 19 00:01:55,660 --> 00:02:01,800 是一个三轮镜的时候穿透这个三轮镜就可以显示出各 20 00:02:01,800 --> 00:02:06,940 种的颜色那打在这另一面的就叫 spectrum 这就叫光谱 21 00:02:06,940 --> 00:02:14,520 这个光谱呢是按照光的波长从最长到最短排列的就是 22 00:02:14,520 --> 00:02:18,000 这样你可以看到它的越红波长就越短 23 00:02:18,760 --> 00:02:24,420 这个就是光谱科学家把各种颜色的光它的波长都测定 24 00:02:24,420 --> 00:02:30,600 出来了牛顿奠定了现代光谱学的基础但是呢他又把这 25 00:02:30,600 --> 00:02:33,900 项成果藏了三十年 For 26 00:02:35,660 --> 00:02:39,520 all his brilliancereal science accounted for only a 27 00:02:39,520 --> 00:02:40,520 part of his interest 28 00:02:41,260 --> 00:02:44,240 For all his brilliance means in spite of his 29 00:02:44,240 --> 00:02:49,510 intelligence 尽管他聪明绝顶但是严肃认真的科学工 30 00:02:49,510 --> 00:02:55,500 作仅仅占据了他诸多兴趣的一小部分 At least half his 31 00:02:55,500 --> 00:02:59,280 working life was given over to alchemy and wayward 32 00:02:59,280 --> 00:03:01,560 religious pursuits 他的 33 00:03:01,840 --> 00:03:08,580 工作生涯中至少有一半是献给了炼金术和一意孤行的 34 00:03:08,580 --> 00:03:15,580 宗教研究 Alchemy 这个炼金术指的是西方人企图从铜、 35 00:03:15,660 --> 00:03:16,320 铅、 36 00:03:16,460 --> 00:03:22,440 锡这些便宜的常见的金术里面炼出黄金也就是企图能 37 00:03:22,440 --> 00:03:23,760 够点石成金 38 00:03:24,450 --> 00:03:29,010 这个和我们中国古代的炼丹术颇有异曲同工之妙 39 00:03:29,610 --> 00:03:33,690 炼丹术的目的是要炼出长生不老的仙丹 40 00:03:34,320 --> 00:03:40,120 但是炼丹术和炼金术它们使用的方式和材料都挺相似 41 00:03:40,120 --> 00:03:46,560 的而且里边都包含着一些化学原理炼金术还是现代化 42 00:03:46,560 --> 00:03:52,540 学的祖先现代化学的雏形吧 wayward religious 43 00:03:52,540 --> 00:03:58,580 pursuits wayward 本意就是任性的想怎么样就怎么样 44 00:03:58,580 --> 00:04:04,180 不听劝告 religious pursuitspursuits 它的原型是 45 00:04:04,180 --> 00:04:11,400 pursuep u r s u e 是追求那么宗教上的追求指的是它在宗 46 00:04:11,400 --> 00:04:16,300 教上潜心进行的研究 these were not mere dabblings but 47 00:04:16,300 --> 00:04:19,440 wholehearted devotionsdouble 48 00:04:22,080 --> 00:04:25,880 to dabble means to move your hands and feet about in 49 00:04:25,880 --> 00:04:32,300 water 就是手脚放在水里面吸水 to dabble in an area 50 00:04:32,300 --> 00:04:35,460 means that you are interested in it you do it for 51 00:04:35,460 --> 00:04:41,600 relaxing but it's not serious research you can dabble 52 00:04:41,600 --> 00:04:46,760 in painting as a way of relaxing 有的时候也画画作为一 53 00:04:46,760 --> 00:04:51,660 种消遣的手段但并不是正经地在学不是把他作为一门 54 00:04:51,660 --> 00:04:53,620 专业的那这里说到 55 00:04:54,280 --> 00:05:02,340 牛顿从事这种宗教研究从事炼金术他可不是仅仅是偶 56 00:05:02,340 --> 00:05:05,480 有涉猎可不是玩玩而已 57 00:05:07,680 --> 00:05:11,800 他可是全身心地投入到这其中去的 58 00:05:18,410 --> 00:05:22,530 Arianism whose principal tenet was the belief that 59 00:05:22,530 --> 00:05:27,170 there had been no holy trinityslightly ironic since 60 00:05:27,170 --> 00:05:31,190 Newton's college at Cambridge was trinity 我们 61 00:05:31,600 --> 00:05:39,020 先说一下这个 Arianism 这个 Arianism 是一个教派 sect 62 00:05:39,060 --> 00:05:44,840 这个词本身就是指教派的意思而这个教派呢是被看成 63 00:05:44,840 --> 00:05:50,240 是 heretical sect 也就是异教的教派我们先看一下 64 00:05:50,240 --> 00:05:56,380 heretical 的名词 Heresy Heresy means a belief that 65 00:05:56,380 --> 00:05:59,460 disagrees with the official principles of a 66 00:05:59,460 --> 00:06:04,340 particular religion 是异端或者异教大家要明白这个 67 00:06:04,340 --> 00:06:09,480 异端或异教是相对而言的指的是相对于当时被视为正 68 00:06:09,480 --> 00:06:15,460 统的宗教来说他们是不同的所以不能为正统所容被称 69 00:06:15,460 --> 00:06:17,200 为异教这个 70 00:06:18,350 --> 00:06:23,070 heretical sect 就是一个异教的教派叫做 Arianism 这 71 00:06:23,070 --> 00:06:24,390 个阿里乌教 72 00:06:24,970 --> 00:06:29,930 之所以说它是 dangerous 也就是因为这个教派因为不 73 00:06:29,930 --> 00:06:35,610 为正统所容被正统的宗教是打压的虽然他们一样是信 74 00:06:35,610 --> 00:06:39,750 仰上帝但是它的一些教义是不同的 whose principal 75 00:06:39,750 --> 00:06:45,370 tenetprinciple 主要的 tenet 指的就是这个 belief 他 76 00:06:45,370 --> 00:06:45,970 的 77 00:06:46,580 --> 00:06:52,100 主要的教义就是 The belief that there had been no Holy 78 00:06:52,100 --> 00:06:59,380 Trinity 也就是他否认三位一体的存在 Holy Trinity 指 79 00:06:59,380 --> 00:07:05,320 的是圣父、圣子、圣灵三位一体圣 80 00:07:05,800 --> 00:07:12,400 子也就是耶稣基督他是上帝的儿子也可以说他自己就 81 00:07:12,400 --> 00:07:14,340 是上帝这个 82 00:07:14,880 --> 00:07:21,740 圣灵常常是以鸽子作为一个象征物的这个阿里乌教他 83 00:07:21,740 --> 00:07:29,300 们认为耶稣基督是高于凡人但是低于上帝低于圣父的 84 00:07:29,300 --> 00:07:35,080 存在他像是一个半神而传统的三位一体 Holy Trinity 85 00:07:35,080 --> 00:07:39,820 指的是圣父圣子圣灵他们是一体的是一样的一个东西 86 00:07:39,820 --> 00:07:45,900 这就显得颇具讽刺意味因为牛顿所信仰的是阿里乌教 87 00:07:45,900 --> 00:07:50,920 他否认 Holy Trinity 而牛顿自己在剑桥大学工作的那 88 00:07:50,920 --> 00:07:57,020 个学院他的名称就叫做 Trinity College 叫做三一学院 89 00:07:57,500 --> 00:08:03,500 现在再回过头来说一下 Ad herent 它的动词是 Ad here To 90 00:08:03,500 --> 00:08:07,720 adhere to something means to stick to something 坚持或 91 00:08:07,720 --> 00:08:13,680 者遵守 I have adhered strictly to the rules 我一直坚守 92 00:08:13,680 --> 00:08:17,050 规则 Ad herent means follower, 93 00:08:17,290 --> 00:08:23,710 believer He was a secret adherent of Arianism 他还是阿 94 00:08:23,710 --> 00:08:25,690 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）