第4章 万物的尺度 The Measure of Things · 第1讲S2

1. 老师，讲稿里说厄瓜多尔（Ecuador）在西班牙语里是“赤道”的意思，那英语里的赤道（Equator）跟它长得这么像，是不是也是从这儿借过来的呀？
2. 我想弄明白那个测量原理：科学家怎么通过太阳高度角的变化来算出两地之间正好是一度经线？如果角度变了0.5度，算出来的周长是不是就不准了？
3. 讲稿里提到法国科考队非要去南美洲测，而不是直接在法国测。除了因为厄瓜多尔在赤道上，还有什么具体原因让他们觉得必须跑这么远去“受罪”呢？
4. 这队人真是倒霉透顶，又是被暴民追，又是队医被杀，还有植物学家发疯。这些乱七八糟的意外，会不会导致他们最后测出来的数据误差很大？
5. 两百多年过去了，现在我们有卫星了，但为什么我们现在的人听到“跑半个地球去量地球周长”还是会觉得不可思议？这种“不合理”的感觉从哪来的？

1. Hey teacher, since Ecuador means 'equator' in Spanish, is the English word 'Equator' actually borrowed from there because they look so similar?
2. I'm trying to get the measurement principle: how exactly do scientists use the change in the sun's altitude to calculate that the distance between two points is exactly one degree of latitude? If the angle only changed by 0.5 degrees, would the calculated circumference be inaccurate?
3. The transcript mentions the French team went all the way to South America instead of measuring in France. Besides being on the equator, what were the specific reasons they felt they had to go there and suffer?
4. This team was so unlucky, chased by mobs, the doctor murdered, and the botanist going mad. Did these chaotic accidents cause a large error in their final measurements?
5. Even after two and a half centuries, why do we still find it unbelievable that they traveled halfway around the world just to measure the Earth's circumference? Where does this feeling of 'unreasonableness' come from?

1 00:00:06,000 --> 00:00:09,220 The French Party's goal was to help settle the question 2 00:00:09,220 --> 00:00:12,520 of the circumference of the planet by measuring the 3 00:00:12,520 --> 00:00:14,380 length of one degree of meridian, 4 00:00:14,640 --> 00:00:19,080 or one three hundred and sixtieth of the distance 5 00:00:19,080 --> 00:00:20,040 around the planet, 6 00:00:20,220 --> 00:00:23,940 along a line reaching from Uruki near Ghetto to just 7 00:00:23,940 --> 00:00:26,520 beyond Cuenca in what is now Yokota, 8 00:00:26,760 --> 00:00:29,300 a distance of about two hundred miles. 9 00:00:29,840 --> 00:00:35,560 我们先了解几个地方一个是 Yucca 这是一个国家南美 10 00:00:35,560 --> 00:00:36,500 洲的一个国家 11 00:00:37,100 --> 00:00:37,620 Ecuador 12 00:00:38,340 --> 00:00:43,860 这个国家很有意思 Yucca 它在西班牙语中的意思就是 13 00:00:43,860 --> 00:00:49,800 赤道我们可以从翻译上听出来英语的赤道是 Equator 14 00:00:49,800 --> 00:00:57,130 Yucca 翻译很相似吧赤道就是从 Ecuador 这个国家传过 15 00:00:57,130 --> 00:00:57,310 去 16 00:00:58,440 --> 00:01:02,500 还有就是 Quito Ketel 是厄瓜多尔的首都 17 00:01:03,060 --> 00:01:08,060 那其他这两个名字大家就不用去记它了那总之这里讲 18 00:01:08,060 --> 00:01:08,300 的是 19 00:01:09,220 --> 00:01:15,760 两个点两个城市之间也就是 Y oruki 和 Quanker 之间连 20 00:01:15,760 --> 00:01:22,160 起一条线那这两个城市呢就是位于现在的厄瓜多尔境 21 00:01:22,160 --> 00:01:27,960 内在法国的科考队到南美洲考察的时候厄瓜多尔这个 22 00:01:27,960 --> 00:01:33,680 国家还没有独立呢这个法国科考队的目标就是解决地 23 00:01:33,680 --> 00:01:40,540 球的周长问题他们是想通过测量一度经线的长度来算 24 00:01:40,540 --> 00:01:44,140 出地球的周长 meridian 就是经线 25 00:01:44,690 --> 00:01:50,450 也就是他们要算出地球周长的三百六十分之一那他们 26 00:01:50,450 --> 00:01:54,090 要算的这个一度经线是位于哪呢 27 00:02:00,470 --> 00:02:06,730 也就是我们刚才说的两点之间的一条线要算出那条线 28 00:02:06,730 --> 00:02:11,430 的距离现在的问题是这样真的就可以算出地球的周长 29 00:02:11,430 --> 00:02:16,810 吗我们看一下下一张图就可以了解它的原理了假设这 30 00:02:16,810 --> 00:02:21,970 就是地球这是它的周长他们把这个地球的周长分成 31 00:02:21,970 --> 00:02:28,070 360 份我们要知道一个圆周角就是 360 度的如果 32 00:02:28,130 --> 00:02:35,110 能够算出这一度的距离再乘以 360 我们就得出整条周 33 00:02:35,110 --> 00:02:36,130 长的长度了 34 00:02:37,940 --> 00:02:43,780 现在的问题是你怎么知道这两个点之间正好就是一度 35 00:02:43,780 --> 00:02:48,760 呢我们又没有办法到地心去测量这个角度科 36 00:02:49,110 --> 00:02:54,150 学家们还是用一些间接的办法来算出这个角度的这张 37 00:02:54,150 --> 00:03:00,710 图上看太阳在这个时候是直射在赤道也就是黑白瓢虫 38 00:03:00,710 --> 00:03:05,190 的这个点正午的时候太阳是在头顶中的 39 00:03:05,890 --> 00:03:11,350 也就是它的高度角是 90 度那假如我们继续往北走 40 00:03:11,930 --> 00:03:18,010 正午太阳高度角就会越变越小当我们走到红瓢虫这里 41 00:03:18,010 --> 00:03:24,530 的时候正午的太阳高度角就只剩下 45 度了继续走到北 42 00:03:24,530 --> 00:03:26,370 极就变成零度了 43 00:03:27,400 --> 00:03:32,820 所以科学家可以通过这两地之间正五太阳高度角的变 44 00:03:32,820 --> 00:03:38,460 化来确定它们是不是走了一度如果它们测量到的正五 45 00:03:38,460 --> 00:03:44,740 太阳高度角发生了一度的变化也就是降低或者增加了 46 00:03:44,740 --> 00:03:50,390 一度这就说明它们走过了一度的尾线的距离其实也就 47 00:03:50,390 --> 00:03:52,880 是走过了一度惊险的距离 48 00:04:04,660 --> 00:04:10,080 几乎从一开始这个探险队就状况百出有些状况还令人 49 00:04:10,080 --> 00:04:12,220 瞠目结舌还非常的戏剧化 50 00:04:20,920 --> 00:04:26,120 Provoke means make someone angry Mob is a noisy, 51 00:04:26,360 --> 00:04:31,640 angry and violent group of people 经常是翻译成暴民暴 52 00:04:31,640 --> 00:04:33,140 动的暴 In 53 00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:38,380 Ghetto 这些探险家也不知道到底是怎么惹恼了当地人 54 00:04:38,380 --> 00:04:44,620 就被一群手里拿着石头的暴民给赶出了城被他们一路 55 00:04:44,620 --> 00:04:49,360 追着逃出了城 Soon after the expedition's doctor was 56 00:04:49,360 --> 00:04:53,020 murdered in a misunderstanding over a woman a 57 00:04:53,020 --> 00:04:56,140 misunderstanding over a woman 而不是 mis 58 00:04:56,140 --> 00:05:00,920 understanding with a woman 探险队的队医由于一个妇 59 00:05:00,920 --> 00:05:05,440 女的关系可能跟这个妇女的丈夫有了什么误解然后就 60 00:05:05,440 --> 00:05:07,640 给 murdered the 61 00:05:08,660 --> 00:05:12,820 botanist became derangedbotanist means scientist 62 00:05:12,820 --> 00:05:18,700 who study plants 植物学家 became madlost his mind. 63 00:05:19,300 --> 00:05:21,900 Others died of fevers and falls. 64 00:05:22,360 --> 00:05:24,440 还有的人不是发烧死了, 65 00:05:24,500 --> 00:05:25,720 就是摔死了。 66 00:05:26,020 --> 00:05:28,880 The third most senior member of the party, 67 00:05:29,020 --> 00:05:31,000 a man named Pierre Gordon, 68 00:05:31,240 --> 00:05:35,220 ran off with a 13 year old girl and could not be induced to 69 00:05:35,220 --> 00:05:35,640 return. 70 00:05:36,280 --> 00:05:40,760 The third most senior member means the third oldest 71 00:05:40,760 --> 00:05:44,540 member,整个团队中连名排第三的。 72 00:05:44,540 --> 00:05:46,260 a man named Pierre Gordon, 73 00:05:46,460 --> 00:05:49,020 ran off with a 13 year old girl, 74 00:05:49,140 --> 00:05:54,740 ran off,居然跟一个 13 岁的女孩跑了, 75 00:05:54,760 --> 00:05:58,920 跟她私奔了,and could not be persuaded to return, 76 00:05:59,120 --> 00:06:00,800 怎么劝也劝不回来。 77 00:06:03,030 --> 00:06:04,350 At one point, 78 00:06:04,370 --> 00:06:07,190 the group had to suspend work for eight months, 79 00:06:07,470 --> 00:06:10,970 while a condominium rode off to Lima to sort out a 80 00:06:10,970 --> 00:06:12,270 problem with their permits. 81 00:06:12,910 --> 00:06:15,010 To suspend means to pause, 82 00:06:15,290 --> 00:06:18,280 to stop.暂停工作 83 00:06:19,420 --> 00:06:25,400 后来有一段时间这个团队必须暂停工作长达八个月在 84 00:06:25,400 --> 00:06:30,340 这个期间呢队长骑马去利马去 sort out the problem 85 00:06:30,340 --> 00:06:35,670 with their permits 利马是秘鲁的首都到那里去解决他 86 00:06:35,670 --> 00:06:41,600 们的执照的问题 perm its 就是许可证执照不知道手续 87 00:06:41,600 --> 00:06:44,860 出了什么问题又要花八个月时间去处理 88 00:06:51,440 --> 00:06:51,840 后 89 00:06:51,940 --> 00:06:58,100 来两个领队居然就两个人之间有了什么矛盾互相不说 90 00:06:58,100 --> 00:07:00,000 话也拒绝合作 91 00:07:21,800 --> 00:07:26,040 人数不断减少你看跑的跑死的死疯的疯 92 00:07:28,340 --> 00:07:33,780 这个人数越来越少的团队所到之处当地官员都投以最 93 00:07:33,780 --> 00:07:39,660 怀疑的目光他们难以相信一群法国科学家会旅行半个 94 00:07:39,660 --> 00:07:43,460 地球为的就是要测量这个地球 That 95 00:07:43,650 --> 00:07:48,550 made no sense at all 这根本就讲不通嘛没道理 Two and a 96 00:07:48,550 --> 00:07:51,850 half centuries later It still seems a reasonable 97 00:07:51,850 --> 00:07:56,810 question 这个 question 指的就是前面说的当地官员的 98 00:07:56,810 --> 00:08:00,990 怀疑也就是 Why do you travel halfway around the ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）