第3章 埃文斯牧师的宇宙 The Reverend Evans's Universe · 第5讲S5

1. 老师，讲稿里说当时的大气主要是二氧化碳、甲烷这些，但完全没提氧气。为啥这种‘有毒’的环境反而对生命诞生是好事呢？
2. 文中提到地球早期被彗星和小行星‘pelted’（猛击），这个词用得好形象。除了‘bombarded’，还有啥词能形容这种持续不断的猛烈撞击呀？
3. 这里有个虚拟语气 'Had we not had...'，它的意思是‘要是当时没有温室效应...’。这个结构和普通的 'If we had not...' 有啥区别？为啥作者要这么写？
4. 讲稿里说甲烷的保温作用比二氧化碳强得多，但前面又强调二氧化碳是温室气体。那在当时，到底是哪种气体起了主要的‘保暖’作用？
5. 最后说化学物质 'twitched and became animate'，还提到了 'animal' 和 'animate' 的关系。'animate' 在这里除了表示‘有生命的’，还有啥深层含义吗？

1. The text says the early atmosphere was mostly CO2 and methane, with almost no oxygen. Why was this 'toxic' environment actually a good thing for the birth of life?
2. The passage uses 'pelted' to describe Earth being hit by comets and meteorites. Besides 'bombarded', what other words can we use to describe this kind of relentless, intense impact?
3. There's a subjunctive mood sentence here: 'Had we not had...'. How is this structure different from the standard 'If we had not...', and why did the author choose to write it this way?
4. The text mentions that methane has a stronger warming effect than CO2, but earlier it highlighted CO2 as a greenhouse gas. So, which gas played the primary role in keeping Earth warm back then?
5. At the end, it says chemicals 'twitched and became animate', and links 'animal' with 'animate'. Besides meaning 'living', what deeper implication does 'animate' carry in this context?

1 00:00:06,840 --> 00:00:09,580 Earth was only about a third of its eventual size, 2 00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:13,400 it was probably already beginning to form an 3 00:00:13,400 --> 00:00:16,520 atmosphere,mostly of carbon dioxide, 4 00:00:17,020 --> 00:00:19,460 nitrogen,methane,and sulfur. 5 00:00:20,270 --> 00:00:23,750 Eventual size means final size, 6 00:00:24,070 --> 00:00:29,170 当地球只是它最终大小的三分之一的时候, 7 00:00:29,550 --> 00:00:33,320 它恐怕就已经开始形成大气了。 8 00:00:33,320 --> 00:00:39,140 当时的大气主要是由这几样东西构成的我们来看一下 9 00:00:39,140 --> 00:00:41,020 Carbon 符 10 00:00:42,850 --> 00:00:49,550 号是 C Oxygen 是氧代号就是 O Carbon Dioxide 11 00:00:50,760 --> 00:00:57,380 DI 表示二 Carbon Dioxide 就是二氧化碳这个 Oxide 就是 12 00:00:57,380 --> 00:00:59,180 指氧化物而 13 00:01:03,220 --> 00:01:07,180 N itrogen 是氮 Sulfur 硫 Methane 14 00:01:07,280 --> 00:01:10,170 甲烷不知道大家有没有注意到, 15 00:01:10,230 --> 00:01:14,270 当时的大气构成跟现在有什么不同呢? 16 00:01:14,490 --> 00:01:18,620 大家注意到没有? 17 00:01:18,880 --> 00:01:20,640 它没有氧气呀! 18 00:01:21,330 --> 00:01:25,470 Hardly the sort of stuff that we would associate with 19 00:01:25,470 --> 00:01:28,310 life.这些什么二氧化碳啊, 20 00:01:28,330 --> 00:01:30,570 什么甲烷啊这些,这完全, 21 00:01:30,830 --> 00:01:34,990 我们完全不能把这些东西跟生命联系在一起。 22 00:01:34,990 --> 00:01:41,590 and yet from this noxious stew life formedstew 就是 23 00:01:41,720 --> 00:01:47,270 这样的一锅乱炖叫做 stewnoxious means harmful or 24 00:01:47,270 --> 00:01:53,670 poisonous 但正是从这一团有害的混杂的气体当中生 25 00:01:53,670 --> 00:01:58,490 命诞生了 carbon dioxide is a powerful greenhouse gas 26 00:01:59,550 --> 00:02:06,750 我们现在都很清楚二氧化碳是一种温室气体 This was a 27 00:02:06,750 --> 00:02:10,450 good thingbecause the sun was significantly dimmer 28 00:02:10,450 --> 00:02:12,490 back then 注意到了吗? 29 00:02:12,570 --> 00:02:17,750 时态 This was a good thing 所以你在理解这个句子的时 30 00:02:17,750 --> 00:02:22,110 候要搞清楚它不是说 This is a good thing 这 31 00:02:22,300 --> 00:02:28,140 在当时是件好事它不是说现在因为当时的太阳要比现 32 00:02:28,140 --> 00:02:32,200 在暗得多了 Had we not had the benefit of a greenhouse 33 00:02:32,200 --> 00:02:35,720 effect the earth might well have frozen over 34 00:02:35,720 --> 00:02:40,960 permanently 这是虚拟语气也就是 if we had not had the 35 00:02:40,960 --> 00:02:46,140 benefit of the greenhouse effect 当时要是没有温室效 36 00:02:46,140 --> 00:02:48,580 应带给我们的好处地 37 00:02:48,640 --> 00:02:53,480 球恐怕就永远风动起来了 per manently means forever 38 00:02:53,480 --> 00:02:54,740 and 39 00:02:54,840 --> 00:02:59,380 life might never have gotten a toehold 我们其实很经常 40 00:02:59,380 --> 00:03:05,600 说 foot hold to get a foothold 意思是有一个立足之地那 41 00:03:05,600 --> 00:03:10,050 现在还不仅仅没有一个立足之地连个脚趾头都没有地 42 00:03:10,050 --> 00:03:13,440 方放 But somehow,life did 生 43 00:03:14,500 --> 00:03:18,220 命真的在这个星球上诞生了好, 44 00:03:18,280 --> 00:03:23,980 作者这里提到二氧化碳是温室气体其实甲烷的保温作 45 00:03:23,980 --> 00:03:29,200 用比二氧化碳要强得多 For the next 500 million years 46 00:03:29,200 --> 00:03:33,820 The young earth continued to be pelted relentlessly by 47 00:03:33,820 --> 00:03:37,220 comets,meteorites,and other galactic debris, 48 00:03:37,480 --> 00:03:40,540 which brought water to fill the oceans and the 49 00:03:40,540 --> 00:03:43,620 components necessary for the successful formation of 50 00:03:43,620 --> 00:03:43,960 life. 51 00:03:44,200 --> 00:03:47,820 Pelt means to attack someone by throwing a lot of things 52 00:03:47,820 --> 00:03:50,940 at them.比如说这里的例句, 53 00:03:51,100 --> 00:03:56,180 The marchers were pelted with rocks and bottles.人们 54 00:03:56,180 --> 00:04:02,800 用石头和瓶子朝这些游行的人身上乱扔所以 55 00:04:03,220 --> 00:04:07,640 这里 to be pelleted 可以替换成 to be bombarded by 56 00:04:07,640 --> 00:04:12,740 comets 就不断地不停地 relentlessly 也是不求牵我们 57 00:04:12,740 --> 00:04:18,800 学过不停地被彗星啊小行星啊还有其他的一些银河碎 58 00:04:18,800 --> 00:04:23,660 片不停地被它们撞击我们现在地球上基本看不到这种 59 00:04:23,660 --> 00:04:27,260 撞击的痕迹了但是月球上可 60 00:04:27,380 --> 00:04:32,270 看得一清二楚月球被撞得成了一个大麻子其实地球也 61 00:04:32,270 --> 00:04:37,320 是被这样撞的但是因为地球上有气候变化有刮风有下 62 00:04:37,320 --> 00:04:42,340 雨所以这样的痕迹就不明显了但这也是有好处的 63 00:04:42,860 --> 00:04:47,900 which brought waterwhich 指的就是前面的这些东西撞 64 00:04:47,900 --> 00:04:51,900 来的东西这些彗星啊小行星啊等等 65 00:04:52,490 --> 00:04:57,580 brought water to fill the oceans 它给地球带来了水这 66 00:04:57,580 --> 00:05:03,430 是一种假说就是地球上水的来源可能是彗星给地球带 67 00:05:03,430 --> 00:05:07,930 来了水大家还记得吧彗星主要是由冰构成的 68 00:05:08,190 --> 00:05:15,370 这一大块冰砸向地球的时候它就融化了形成了海洋 69 00:05:15,370 --> 00:05:16,290 and 70 00:05:16,510 --> 00:05:19,130 the components necessary for the successful 71 00:05:19,130 --> 00:05:26,030 formation of lifecomponents 指的是成分 formation of 72 00:05:26,030 --> 00:05:26,350 life 73 00:05:26,510 --> 00:05:28,710 生命的形成生 74 00:05:28,770 --> 00:05:34,110 命的形成所必须的成分也是他们带来的 it was a 75 00:05:34,110 --> 00:05:38,230 singularly hostile environment and yet somehow life 76 00:05:38,230 --> 00:05:44,270 got goingsingularly 指的是 remarkablyhostile means 77 00:05:44,270 --> 00:05:50,620 unfriendly 这是一个非常恶劣的环境但是生命还是开 78 00:05:50,620 --> 00:05:55,130 始了 some tiny bag of chemicals twitched and became 79 00:05:55,130 --> 00:05:59,600 animatechemicals 是化学物质一 80 00:05:59,850 --> 00:06:04,730 小袋一小袋的化学物质为什么说是一小袋呢也就是某 81 00:06:04,730 --> 00:06:08,790 一些的化学物质它们聚在一起成为一个团块一个整体 82 00:06:08,790 --> 00:06:13,600 它们就抽动了一下 twitch 抽搐抽动了一下 83 00:06:14,220 --> 00:06:17,220 然后就变得会动了 became animate 84 00:06:18,040 --> 00:06:22,340 大家看到这个词一定觉得很熟悉其实 animal 和 85 00:06:22,340 --> 00:06:26,940 animate 真的是有关系的 Animal 就是动物我们这里的 86 00:06:26,940 --> 00:06:32,020 animate 是形容词它放在 became 的后面 We were on our 87 00:06:32,020 --> 00:06:36,740 way 我们就这样开启了生命的历程 F 88 00:06:38,980 --> 00:06:42,860 our billion years later People began to wonder how it 89 00:06:42,860 --> 00:06:44,940 had all happened 四 90 00:06:45,870 --> 00:06:51,610 十一年后人们就开始想这一切到底是怎么发生的呢 91 00:06:51,610 --> 00:06:57,170 And it is there that our story next takes us 接下来的故 92 00:06:57,170 --> 00:07:00,550 事就要为我们这一部分做个说明