第3章 埃文斯牧师的宇宙 The Reverend Evans's Universe · 第5讲S4

1. 讲稿里说地球从微粒长成几百英里宽的‘婴儿行星’只要几万年，为啥这里非要用被动语态 'is thought to have taken' 而不是直接说 'took' 呢？
2. 文中提到地球形成时还在熔融状态并遭受 'constant bombardment'，这里的 bombardment 具体是指啥？跟 blast 有啥区别吗？
3. 为啥月球上的铁元素那么少，而地球上有那么多？讲稿里用地壳和地核来解释，这俩到底是个啥关系？
4. 讲稿里说 'companion sphere' 指的是月球，但 companion 明明是‘伴侣/同伴’的意思，为啥不用 'half' 或者 'moon' 这种词，反而用这么个绕口的表达？
5. 这个月球形成的理论明明 1940 年代就提出来了，为啥讲稿非说它是 'new theory'，它到底‘新’在哪儿？

1. The transcript says it only took a few tens of thousands of years for Earth to grow from a tiny cluster to a 'baby planet' hundreds of miles across. Why use the passive voice 'is thought to have taken' here instead of just saying 'took'?
2. The text mentions Earth was molten and subject to 'constant bombardment' during its formation. What exactly does bombardment mean here, and how is it different from blast?
3. Why does the Moon have so little iron while Earth has so much? The transcript explains this using the crust and core, but what's the actual relationship between them?
4. The transcript calls the Moon a 'companion sphere,' but companion usually means 'partner' or 'companion.' Why use such a roundabout expression instead of just 'half' or 'moon'?
5. This Moon formation theory was actually proposed back in the 1940s, so why does the transcript call it a 'new theory'? What exactly is 'new' about it?

1 00:00:06,380 --> 00:00:08,260 All happened remarkably quickly, 2 00:00:08,600 --> 00:00:12,860 to grow from a tiny cluster of grains to a baby planet 3 00:00:12,860 --> 00:00:16,340 some hundreds of miles across is thought to have taken 4 00:00:16,340 --> 00:00:18,680 only a few tens of thousands of years. 5 00:00:19,380 --> 00:00:23,180 那所有的这一切发生的都非常的快。 6 00:00:24,010 --> 00:00:28,830 A tiny cluster of grains 指的就是那些微粒的团块, 7 00:00:28,950 --> 00:00:31,630 cluster 是聚集,聚集在一起的。 8 00:00:31,630 --> 00:00:35,830 当时还是非常小,从那么小的一个小小的团块, 9 00:00:35,950 --> 00:00:38,290 一直成长为 a baby planet, 10 00:00:38,590 --> 00:00:40,610 some hundreds of miles across, 11 00:00:41,430 --> 00:00:47,350 一直成长到直径达数百英里的微小的行星。 12 00:00:47,980 --> 00:00:50,480 这个过程呢,is thought to have taken, 13 00:00:50,680 --> 00:00:52,960 means is believed to have taken, 14 00:00:53,100 --> 00:00:55,100 only a few tens of thousands of years。 15 00:00:55,440 --> 00:00:59,740 大家可以考虑一下,为什么这里要用被动语态呢? 16 00:01:00,490 --> 00:01:05,270 大家在学被动语态的时候学校的老师常常会叫你们做 17 00:01:05,270 --> 00:01:10,610 这样的练习就是把主动态的句子改成被动态因为要把 18 00:01:10,610 --> 00:01:15,430 被动态的改成主动态大家就这么一直改来改去可是有 19 00:01:15,430 --> 00:01:17,910 没有想过为什么得改呢 20 00:01:18,350 --> 00:01:22,970 我们做的那些练习是机械练习它没有告诉你为什么要 21 00:01:22,970 --> 00:01:29,270 改只是叫你改你就改了但实际上怎样才算是真正学会 22 00:01:29,270 --> 00:01:34,150 了被动语态呢那要看你能不能正确地使用它在你写作 23 00:01:34,150 --> 00:01:38,470 的时候你能不能懂得什么时候该用被动态什么时候该 24 00:01:38,470 --> 00:01:41,290 用主动态这个判断的标准是什么 25 00:01:42,600 --> 00:01:48,660 像这个句子之所以用被动语态那是为了使得这个句子 26 00:01:48,660 --> 00:01:50,720 的语气不显得过于武断 27 00:01:51,220 --> 00:01:55,280 因为这并不一定就是事实这 28 00:01:55,690 --> 00:01:59,910 只是大家现在认为是这样的所以他用这个被动语 In 29 00:01:59,910 --> 00:02:01,810 just 200 million years, 30 00:02:02,070 --> 00:02:03,150 possibly less, 31 00:02:03,390 --> 00:02:06,910 the earth was essentially formedthough 32 00:02:07,170 --> 00:02:11,430 still molten and subject to constant bombardment from 33 00:02:11,430 --> 00:02:16,090 all the debris that remained floating aboutmolten 是 34 00:02:16,090 --> 00:02:22,010 指那种融融的状态融是火自捧的依然是我们刚才视频 35 00:02:22,010 --> 00:02:26,070 里面看到的那种融化的那种状态 and subject to 36 00:02:26,070 --> 00:02:30,810 constant bombardmentbombardment means blast 37 00:02:31,700 --> 00:02:38,040 轰炸而且还要遭受不断的轰炸所以诊断是说行星生长 38 00:02:38,040 --> 00:02:43,480 的过程非常快速只要几万年就可以从极小的粒子群长 39 00:02:43,480 --> 00:02:49,480 大到直径数百公里的袖珍行星地球形成惊天规模的雏 40 00:02:49,480 --> 00:02:54,880 形前后大约只花两亿年或更短大家看这里时间 41 00:02:55,700 --> 00:03:01,260 真的觉得很有意思两亿年就已经说是非常迅速了因为 42 00:03:01,260 --> 00:03:05,760 两亿年在整个宇宙的形成过程中真的是一个瞬间 43 00:03:06,740 --> 00:03:12,240 不过呢那时候地球仍然是一个熔融的火球而且还遭到 44 00:03:12,240 --> 00:03:17,700 残余在空中浮动的碎块不停的袭击不停的碰撞 At 45 00:03:18,760 --> 00:03:22,100 this point,about 4.5 billion years ago, 46 00:03:22,280 --> 00:03:26,420 an object the size of Mars crashed into Earth, 47 00:03:26,700 --> 00:03:29,480 blowing out enough material to form a companion 48 00:03:29,480 --> 00:03:30,800 sphere,the Moon. 49 00:03:32,080 --> 00:03:34,680 在这个时候,大概是 45 亿年前, 50 00:03:35,080 --> 00:03:40,380 有一个跟火星差不多大小的物体 crashed into Earth, 51 00:03:40,560 --> 00:03:41,800 撞上了地球。 52 00:03:41,800 --> 00:03:43,760 Blowing out enough material, 53 00:03:44,060 --> 00:03:47,060 使得地球抛洒出足够的物质, 54 00:03:47,100 --> 00:03:49,180 可以形成一颗的半球。 55 00:03:49,480 --> 00:03:52,080 Companion sphere,sphere 是球体, 56 00:03:52,220 --> 00:03:54,040 companion 是半岁的意思, 57 00:03:54,280 --> 00:03:57,020 所以这里说的半球是半岁的半, 58 00:03:57,120 --> 00:03:58,600 而不是一半的半。 59 00:03:58,900 --> 00:04:00,840 这就是月球。 60 00:04:16,130 --> 00:04:21,910 几周之内 it is thought 这是一个插入语意思是这个也 61 00:04:21,910 --> 00:04:26,310 并不很确定只是现在大家这么认为只是几周之后呢 62 00:04:26,310 --> 00:04:29,430 the flung material means the material that had been 63 00:04:29,430 --> 00:04:33,630 flung out of earthflung 就是被抛出去的, 64 00:04:33,650 --> 00:04:35,990 扔出去的,也就是被撞了一下, 65 00:04:36,130 --> 00:04:40,210 撞出去的那个物体,had reassembled, 66 00:04:40,270 --> 00:04:43,910 那些物质呢,又重新组合起来了, 67 00:04:44,390 --> 00:04:46,570 assemble means to put together, 68 00:04:46,890 --> 00:04:50,170 原来被撞出去了,可能都成为碎片, 69 00:04:50,270 --> 00:04:53,710 现在又聚合到一起,形成一个 clump, 70 00:04:53,790 --> 00:04:56,480 一个团块,and within a year, 71 00:04:56,620 --> 00:05:00,120 it had formed into the spherical rock that companions 72 00:05:00,120 --> 00:05:07,430 us yet.在一年之内,它又形成了一个球状的大石头, 73 00:05:07,530 --> 00:05:11,170 而这个大石头现在还伴随着我们呢。 74 00:05:14,280 --> 00:05:15,820 Most of the lunar material, 75 00:05:16,180 --> 00:05:18,900 it is thought,came from the Earth's crust, 76 00:05:19,260 --> 00:05:20,180 not its core, 77 00:05:20,380 --> 00:05:23,120 which is why the Moon has so little iron, 78 00:05:23,300 --> 00:05:24,560 while we have a lot. 79 00:05:25,800 --> 00:05:30,520 Lunar material 我们在第一课的时候学过 Lunar 就是月 80 00:05:30,520 --> 00:05:35,660 亮的也就是形成月球的大部分物质是 81 00:05:36,080 --> 00:05:42,100 来自地球的外壳也就是地壳 Crust 指的是比较薄的一 82 00:05:42,100 --> 00:05:46,060 层外壳比如说面包皮就是 Bread crust 83 00:05:47,140 --> 00:05:53,180 那大家可能会想那地壳难道有那么薄吗其实相对来说 84 00:05:53,180 --> 00:05:58,520 确实是很薄的这地壳对于整个地球的半径来说真的是 85 00:05:58,520 --> 00:06:01,660 非常非常薄了就像是蛋壳一样 86 00:06:02,330 --> 00:06:06,170 而不是来自它的核心不是来自地核这 87 00:06:06,330 --> 00:06:09,450 就可以解释为什么月亮上很 88 00:06:09,480 --> 00:06:15,000 少有铁元素含有很少的铁而我们这里很多我们地球上 89 00:06:15,000 --> 00:06:18,520 很多因为地核里面就含有很多的铁 90 00:06:32,680 --> 00:06:33,200 这个 91 00:06:33,270 --> 00:06:40,030 理论总是被当成是一个新的理论来介绍的但事实上它 92 00:06:40,030 --> 00:06:45,250 是在 1940 年代被第一次提出来的所以这个理论其实并 93 00:06:45,250 --> 00:06:46,870 不新鲜 The 94 00:06:46,930 --> 00:06:51,070 only recent thing about it is people paying any 95 00:06:51,070 --> 00:06:54,150 attention to it 但新鲜的是什么呢 96 00:06:54,630 --> 00:06:59,770 而是这个理论虽然很早就有人提出来但是人们到最近 97 00:06:59,770 --> 00:07:04,610 才开始对它产生兴趣才开始注意到它