第3章 埃文斯牧师的宇宙 The Reverend Evans's Universe · 第5讲S2

1. 老师，讲稿里说 'bubonic plague' 是看症状，而 'plague' 是看传播方式，这两个词具体有啥区别呀？为啥要分得这么细？
2. 为什么霍伊尔造 'Big Bang' 这个词是出于 'facetiousness'（开玩笑）？这个词听起来为啥不像个正经的科学术语？
3. 'Implode' 和 'Explode' 前缀不一样，一个是向内一个是向外。那 'Import' 和 'Export' 是不是也遵循这个 'im' 向内、'ex' 向外的逻辑？
4. 既然霍伊尔提出了稳态理论，还证明了重元素是怎么在超新星爆炸里产生的，为啥最后拿诺贝尔奖的是他的合作者福勒，他反而没得到？
5. 讲稿里提到人类鼻子进化成突出且鼻孔朝下，是为了防止 'cosmic pathogens'（宇宙病原体）掉进去。这个说法现在科学界还认可吗？还是只是霍伊尔的脑洞？

1. Teacher, the script says 'bubonic plague' focuses on symptoms while 'plague' focuses on transmission. What's the exact difference between them, and why distinguish them so strictly?
2. Why did Hoyle coin the term 'Big Bang' out of 'facetiousness'? Why does it sound like a joke rather than a serious scientific term?
3. 'Implode' and 'Explode' have different prefixes, one inward and one outward. Does 'Import' and 'Export' follow this same logic of 'im' meaning inward and 'ex' meaning outward?
4. Since Hoyle proposed the steady-state theory and proved how heavy elements were formed in supernova explosions, why did his collaborator Fowler get the Nobel Prize instead of him?
5. The script mentions that human noses evolved to protrude with nostrils underneath to keep 'cosmic pathogens' out. Is this idea still accepted by science today, or was it just Hoyle's wild guess?

1 00:00:06,380 --> 00:00:10,340 He also believed that earth was not only seeded by life 2 00:00:10,340 --> 00:00:13,580 from space,but also by many of its diseases, 3 00:00:14,040 --> 00:00:17,860 大家可能知道 seed,作为名词是种子的意思, 4 00:00:18,040 --> 00:00:21,160 这里是动词,也就是播种, 5 00:00:21,360 --> 00:00:23,040 这一句是被动语态, 6 00:00:23,180 --> 00:00:27,320 他认为地球是被外星生命播了种子, 7 00:00:27,440 --> 00:00:29,620 那这样翻译会比较别扭, 8 00:00:29,720 --> 00:00:32,460 我们应该这样说,Hoyo 也相信, 9 00:00:32,680 --> 00:00:35,640 地球上的生命种子来自外太空。 10 00:00:36,670 --> 00:00:38,410 他也相信很多疾病, 11 00:00:38,490 --> 00:00:41,710 比如说 influenza and bubonic plague, 12 00:00:41,950 --> 00:00:45,370 他认为很多疾病也是从外太空来的, 13 00:00:45,410 --> 00:00:48,250 比如说 influenza,流感, 14 00:00:48,370 --> 00:00:51,430 流行性感冒,还有 bubonic plague, 15 00:00:51,710 --> 00:00:56,550 这个词是鼠疫的意思,但是我们应该把它先分开看, 16 00:00:56,790 --> 00:00:59,490 bubonic 是淋巴腺肿的, 17 00:00:59,550 --> 00:01:03,680 plague 是瘟疫,合起来就是鼠疫, 18 00:01:03,680 --> 00:01:07,660 不过鼠疫这个词是着眼于它的传播方式, 19 00:01:07,760 --> 00:01:11,780 而 Bubonic Plague 是着眼于它的症状。 20 00:01:12,160 --> 00:01:15,380 这个 Bubonic Plague 又称为 Black Death, 21 00:01:15,660 --> 00:01:17,220 也就是黑死病, 22 00:01:17,520 --> 00:01:22,900 在中世纪的时候曾经夺走了欧洲三分之一的人口。 23 00:01:22,900 --> 00:01:23,280 I 24 00:01:23,860 --> 00:01:28,460 suggested at one point that humans evolved projecting 25 00:01:28,460 --> 00:01:32,200 noses with the nostrils underneath as a way of keeping 26 00:01:32,200 --> 00:01:35,960 cosmic pathogens from falling into them 他 27 00:01:36,600 --> 00:01:43,200 甚至还提出人类之所以进化出突出的鼻子 projecting 28 00:01:43,200 --> 00:01:49,100 means protruding 向前突出的鼻子而且鼻孔长在下方 29 00:01:49,100 --> 00:01:53,940 这是为了 keeping cosmic pathogens from falling into 30 00:01:53,940 --> 00:02:00,140 them 是为了不让宇宙避原体掉到鼻孔里边去 It 31 00:02:00,430 --> 00:02:04,710 was he who coined the term Big Bang in a moment of 32 00:02:04,710 --> 00:02:10,590 facetiousness for a radio broadcast in 1952 Facetious 33 00:02:10,590 --> 00:02:13,730 means being funny or playful 他 34 00:02:14,280 --> 00:02:20,480 在 1952 年的一次电台广播中开玩笑的创造了 big bang 35 00:02:20,480 --> 00:02:24,920 这个词为什么说是开玩笑的呢因为这个词一听就不是 36 00:02:24,920 --> 00:02:29,780 一个专业的词汇简直上很滑稽像开玩笑词的 big bang 37 00:02:30,590 --> 00:02:31,550 他指出 38 00:02:45,090 --> 00:02:52,450 他指出我们目前对物理的所有的理解当中没有找到任 39 00:02:52,450 --> 00:02:57,690 何的根据 Nothing 没有什么东西能够解释大爆炸理论 40 00:02:57,690 --> 00:03:01,890 大爆炸理论说的是是 everything gathered to a point 41 00:03:01,890 --> 00:03:06,330 would suddenly and dramatically begin to expand 所有 42 00:03:06,460 --> 00:03:09,040 的物质集中成一个点 43 00:03:09,100 --> 00:03:14,580 非常小的点然后突然就发生剧烈的膨胀 Hollywood 44 00:03:14,580 --> 00:03:19,020 favored a steady state theory in which the universe was 45 00:03:19,020 --> 00:03:22,700 constantly expanding and continually creating new 46 00:03:22,700 --> 00:03:27,990 matter as it wentfavor means prefer 它 47 00:03:28,180 --> 00:03:35,100 比较偏好稳态理论 steady 是稳定的 state 是状态在 48 00:03:35,360 --> 00:03:42,680 稳态理论这个框架下宇宙是 constantly 是不断地在膨 49 00:03:42,680 --> 00:03:47,660 胀而且不断地在这个过程中创造新的物质 50 00:04:11,420 --> 00:04:13,120 在堪布里斯大学博 51 00:04:13,280 --> 00:04:20,120 士霍尔兴奋地认同第二个想法宇宙某程度上是由无的 52 00:04:20,120 --> 00:04:21,480 创造出来在一场大爆炸 53 00:04:23,770 --> 00:04:30,810 但不过,他却确保这全从无的想法捕捉了公众的想法 54 00:04:31,400 --> 00:04:38,330 在 1949 年他称之为大爆炸原本意味着是一种欺凌的词 55 00:05:34,580 --> 00:05:35,260 大家 56 00:05:35,290 --> 00:05:42,810 要注意到这个 implode 和 explode 前缀不同 im 表示向内 57 00:05:42,810 --> 00:05:49,610 的 x 表示向外的比如 import 是进口 Export 就是出口所 58 00:05:49,610 --> 00:05:54,530 以这个 Explode 是我们通常所理解的那种爆炸向外爆 59 00:05:54,530 --> 00:05:59,900 而 Implode 是向内爆 Liberate 这是 60 00:05:59,970 --> 00:06:05,150 一个动词我们先了解一下它的名词 Liberty Liberty 是 61 00:06:05,150 --> 00:06:11,250 自由的意思 St atue of Liberty 这是自由女神像那 62 00:06:11,660 --> 00:06:16,220 如果说 Liberty 是自由这个 Liberate 是动词那就是给 63 00:06:16,220 --> 00:06:21,260 她自由也就是解放的意思 So it means release or set 64 00:06:21,260 --> 00:06:21,660 free 65 00:06:22,260 --> 00:06:28,390 释放出大量的热 Hoyo 意识到恒星爆炸的时候 66 00:06:28,930 --> 00:06:34,370 会释放出大量的热大概是 1 亿度甚至更高 67 00:06:35,280 --> 00:06:38,640 足以 generate the heavy elements in the processknown 68 00:06:38,640 --> 00:06:43,580 as nuclear synthesis Nuclear synthesis 可以把它分为 69 00:06:43,580 --> 00:06:46,700 两部分一个是 nuclear 这是核, 70 00:06:46,780 --> 00:06:49,820 就是原子核,synthesis 是合成, 71 00:06:49,920 --> 00:06:50,660 综合。 72 00:06:51,180 --> 00:06:55,260 核合成是形成较重的化学元素的过程。 73 00:06:56,000 --> 00:07:00,220 这么高的温度足以启动核合成, 74 00:07:00,360 --> 00:07:04,990 在这个过程中会产生更重的元素。 75 00:07:05,170 --> 00:07:07,650 Generate,means to produce, 76 00:07:07,890 --> 00:07:10,910 or to create,创造出来, 77 00:07:11,050 --> 00:07:11,630 产生。 78 00:07:11,630 --> 00:07:14,870 In 1957,working with others, 79 00:07:15,070 --> 00:07:18,670 Hoyle showed how the heavier elements were formed in 80 00:07:18,670 --> 00:07:19,750 supernova explosions. 81 00:07:20,820 --> 00:07:23,780 1957 年,Hoyle 跟其他人合作, 82 00:07:23,880 --> 00:07:30,900 证明了重的物质是如何在超新星爆炸的时候产生的。 83 00:07:31,280 --> 00:07:33,560 For this work,W.A.Fowler, 84 00:07:33,740 --> 00:07:34,820 one of his collaborators, 85 00:07:35,280 --> 00:07:37,020 received a Nobel Prize. 86 00:07:37,780 --> 00:07:41,980 由于这项工作,他的一位合作者 87 00:07:43,200 --> 00:07:50,560 获得了诺贝尔奖,而 Hollywood 非常遗憾, 88 00:07:50,620 --> 00:07:51,580 什么也没得到。