第3章 埃文斯牧师的宇宙 The Reverend Evans's Universe · 第3讲S3

1. 老师，讲稿里说 Evans 能像 'tail gunner in a dogfight' 那样移动望远镜，这个比喻具体是啥意思呀？为啥要拿战斗机尾部的枪手来打比方？
2. 为啥 Evans 在南半球观测超新星就占了便宜？北半球和南半球的观测者到底有啥区别？
3. 文中提到大型专业望远镜很 'cumbersome'（笨重），而 Evans 的小望远镜很灵活，这两者在操作时间上具体差在哪？
4. 讲稿里说 'Looking for supernovae is mostly a matter of not finding them'（寻找超新星主要是为了找不到它们），这话听着有点矛盾，到底为啥说找不到也是有价值的？
5. 'the absence of evidence is evidence' 这句太深奥了，没发现超新星怎么就能变成证据了？这对宇宙学家研究星系演化有啥具体帮助？

1. Teacher, the transcript says Evans could move his telescope like a 'tail gunner in a dogfight'. What exactly does this metaphor mean? Why compare it to a machine gunner at the back of a fighter jet?
2. Why did Evans have an advantage by observing from the Southern Hemisphere? What's the real difference between observers in the north and the south?
3. The text mentions that large professional telescopes are 'cumbersome' while Evans' small telescope was agile. What exactly was the difference in the time spent on operation?
4. The transcript says, 'Looking for supernovae is mostly a matter of not finding them.' This sounds contradictory. Why is it valuable to not find them?
5. 'The absence of evidence is evidence.' This is so profound. How can not discovering supernovae become evidence, and how does it specifically help cosmologists study galaxy evolution?

1 00:00:18,900 --> 00:00:24,640 Evans 在 1980 年开始搜寻超新星之前, 2 00:00:25,020 --> 00:00:32,430 整个的天文学界总共只发现不到 60 颗的超新星。 3 00:00:32,430 --> 00:00:33,350 At 4 00:00:33,860 --> 00:00:38,980 the time I visited him in August of 2001 he had just 5 00:00:38,980 --> 00:00:43,220 recorded his 34th visual discovery 好了 6 00:00:43,260 --> 00:00:47,960 这里就是我们上一次那个问题的答案在作者拜访他的 7 00:00:47,960 --> 00:00:54,300 时候他刚好登记了自己的第 34 个 visual discovery 字 8 00:00:54,300 --> 00:01:00,940 面意思是视觉发现也就是第 34 颗的超新星因为他就是 9 00:01:00,940 --> 00:01:04,060 专门去搜寻超新星的可 10 00:01:05,600 --> 00:01:10,540 见他的贡献是多大你看在他之前整个天文学界所有人 11 00:01:10,540 --> 00:01:13,340 加起来找到了还不到 60 颗 12 00:01:17,630 --> 00:01:21,050 三个月以后马上又发现了一颗 13 00:01:25,110 --> 00:01:28,560 过两年又发现一颗 Evans, 14 00:01:28,740 --> 00:01:30,720 however,had certain advantages 15 00:01:31,420 --> 00:01:35,680 不过,Evans 也是占了点便宜的 Most observers, 16 00:01:36,180 --> 00:01:37,680 like most people generally, 17 00:01:38,020 --> 00:01:40,740 are in the northern hemisphere 大 18 00:01:40,930 --> 00:01:46,390 部分的观测者跟地球上的大部分人一样都生活在北半 19 00:01:46,390 --> 00:01:49,550 球 Hemisphere,hemi 是一半的意思, 20 00:01:49,710 --> 00:01:53,080 sphere 就是球体 Evans, 21 00:01:53,320 --> 00:01:54,500 do you still remember? 22 00:01:54,840 --> 00:01:59,160 He is from Australia Australia is in the southern 23 00:01:59,160 --> 00:02:01,800 hemisphere,where there are not many observers. 24 00:02:02,200 --> 00:02:05,660 So he had a lot of sky largely to himself, 25 00:02:05,940 --> 00:02:08,500 especially at first.所以呢, 26 00:02:08,660 --> 00:02:13,260 尤其是刚开始的时候,他是一个人独享一大片天区, 27 00:02:13,400 --> 00:02:14,900 没有别人跟他竞争。 28 00:02:16,080 --> 00:02:19,520 He also had speed and his uncanny memory, 29 00:02:19,820 --> 00:02:21,280 而且他速度快。 30 00:02:21,820 --> 00:02:22,700 Uncanny, 31 00:02:22,900 --> 00:02:26,800 we learned this word in our first lesson.Uncanny means 32 00:02:26,800 --> 00:02:28,240 it is so mysterious 33 00:02:28,700 --> 00:02:30,960 that it is impossible to explain it 34 00:02:31,410 --> 00:02:34,360 还有它那个神奇的记忆力前 35 00:02:35,130 --> 00:02:38,450 面说过了它的记忆力很好 He just had a knack for 36 00:02:38,450 --> 00:02:40,230 remembering star fields 37 00:02:41,500 --> 00:02:45,800 那么 speed 又是怎么回事呢 Large telescopes are 38 00:02:45,800 --> 00:02:46,960 cumbersome things 39 00:02:47,420 --> 00:02:51,580 大型的天文望远镜是非常笨重的 Cumbesome 40 00:02:51,600 --> 00:02:55,920 笨重 And much of their operational time is consumed 41 00:02:55,920 --> 00:03:00,800 with being maneuvered into position operation 是操作 42 00:03:00,800 --> 00:03:06,440 操作时间 consumed means spentwith being maneuvered 43 00:03:06,440 --> 00:03:10,100 into position maneuvered means moved the large 44 00:03:10,100 --> 00:03:14,280 telescopes are not easy to move when we use them most of 45 00:03:14,280 --> 00:03:19,200 our time is spent in moving them into position 所以 46 00:03:19,620 --> 00:03:24,640 使用大型的天文望远镜的时候好多时间是花在定位上 47 00:03:24,640 --> 00:03:31,520 面 Evans could swing his little 6 inch telescope around 48 00:03:31,520 --> 00:03:34,060 like a tail gunner in a dogfight, 49 00:03:34,380 --> 00:03:37,660 spending no more than a couple of seconds on any 50 00:03:37,660 --> 00:03:40,220 particular point in the sky. 51 00:03:40,420 --> 00:03:42,660 Evans 的天文望远镜比较小, 52 00:03:42,740 --> 00:03:43,620 是 6 英寸。 53 00:03:44,310 --> 00:03:49,330 他就可以像 a tail gunner in a dogfight.Tail gun, 54 00:03:49,570 --> 00:03:51,230 these are tail guns, 55 00:03:52,800 --> 00:03:56,160 安装在战斗机尾部的机关枪。 56 00:03:56,160 --> 00:03:59,020 Hailgunner 就是机关枪手 57 00:03:59,520 --> 00:04:04,620 那这个 Evans 就可以像一个枪手一样很便捷地移动了 58 00:04:04,620 --> 00:04:09,860 他的这个机关枪也就是他的望远镜 Swing 就是摆来摆 59 00:04:09,860 --> 00:04:11,900 去的意思很方便地摆来摆去 60 00:04:12,420 --> 00:04:17,240 In a dog fight Dog fight 跟狗没有什么关系 It means a 61 00:04:17,240 --> 00:04:19,740 fight between armed aircrafts 62 00:04:20,140 --> 00:04:21,180 是空战 63 00:04:21,280 --> 00:04:27,080 战斗机之间的战斗机关枪手它不会在一个地方一直射 64 00:04:27,080 --> 00:04:29,780 击而是摆来摆去的 65 00:04:35,140 --> 00:04:40,550 对准天空中的任何一个点的时间不会超过几秒钟 66 00:04:55,050 --> 00:04:58,710 In consequence means as a result he 67 00:04:58,870 --> 00:05:03,510 could observe perhaps 400 galaxies in the evening 而 68 00:05:03,800 --> 00:05:06,740 比较大型的 professional telescope 69 00:05:07,450 --> 00:05:11,810 大家回忆一下在我们之前的课文中有哪一个词是 70 00:05:11,810 --> 00:05:14,910 professional 的反义词呢好了 71 00:05:15,670 --> 00:05:20,610 一个大型的专业望远镜如果运气好的话也只能看五六 72 00:05:20,610 --> 00:05:22,710 十个星系 Looking 73 00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:29,360 for supernovae is mostly a matter of not finding them 搜 74 00:05:29,360 --> 00:05:33,720 寻超新星到底意味着什么呢意味着大部分时间你根本 75 00:05:33,720 --> 00:05:35,660 就找不到它们 From 76 00:05:36,340 --> 00:05:38,600 1980 to 1996 77 00:05:39,160 --> 00:05:44,400 he averaged two discoveries a year 前面说过了 average 78 00:05:44,400 --> 00:05:51,680 是平均的意思他平均是一年发现两颗超新星 Not a huge 79 00:05:51,680 --> 00:05:55,690 pay out for hundreds of nights of peering and peering 可 80 00:05:55,690 --> 00:06:02,360 是为了这两颗他是几百个夜晚在那里凝视夜空这 81 00:06:02,710 --> 00:06:08,670 不算是一个特别好的报酬 pay off means payment Once 82 00:06:09,950 --> 00:06:15,090 he found three in fifteen days but another time he went 83 00:06:15,090 --> 00:06:18,870 three years without finding any at all There 84 00:06:19,960 --> 00:06:23,720 is actually a certain value in not finding anything He 85 00:06:23,720 --> 00:06:24,340 said, 86 00:06:24,500 --> 00:06:28,260 it helps cosmologists to work out the rate at which 87 00:06:28,260 --> 00:06:32,060 galaxies are evolving Evolving means developing 88 00:06:32,060 --> 00:06:36,480 Evolve 这个动词变成名词就是 evolution 89 00:06:37,610 --> 00:06:43,030 可以翻译成演化但是如果在生物界的话它就是进化 90 00:06:43,030 --> 00:06:48,790 Darwin's Theory of Evolution 达尔文的进化论那 91 00:06:49,590 --> 00:06:55,710 没有找到超新星其实也是有价值的它帮助宇宙学家 92 00:06:55,710 --> 00:07:02,270 work out the rate means figure out the speed 算出速度算 93 00:07:02,270 --> 00:07:08,140 出星系演化的速度如果没有那么频繁地出现超新星的 94 00:07:08,140 --> 00:07:13, ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）