第3章 埃文斯牧师的宇宙 The Reverend Evans's Universe · 第2讲S3

1. 老师，讲稿里说原子核内部密度极大，外部电子离得很远，那恒星塌缩成中子星时，'literally' 这个词在这里具体是什么意思？是比喻还是真的把原子挤碎了？
2. 文中提到把一百万颗炮弹挤成弹珠大小还不够，中子星的一勺物质重达两千亿磅，这个 'a spoonful' 到底有多大？为什么用勺子来比喻？
3. 讲稿里区分了 'literal' 和 'literally' 的用法，这两个词在描述科学现象时，到底怎么判断是‘字面意思’还是‘夸张修辞’？
4. Zwicky 为什么用 'would be' 而不是 'will be' 来描述超新星爆炸？这跟过去将来时有什么关系？
5. 这篇只有24行的摘要里，Zwicky 把超新星爆炸和‘宇宙射线’联系在了一起，这个 'bonus'（额外收获）对后来的天文学研究有什么重要意义？

1. Teacher, the script says the nucleus is extremely dense while electrons are far away. What does 'literally' mean here? Is it a metaphor or did the atoms really get crushed?
2. The text mentions squeezing a million cannonballs into a marble isn't enough, and a spoonful of neutron star matter weighs 200 billion pounds. How big is 'a spoonful' and why use a spoon as a comparison?
3. The script distinguishes between 'literal' and 'literally'. How do we decide if a scientific description is 'literal' or 'hyperbolic'?
4. Why did Zwicky use 'would be' instead of 'will be' to describe supernova explosions? How does this relate to the future-in-the-past tense?
5. In this short abstract, Zwicky linked supernova explosions to cosmic rays. What was the significance of this 'bonus' for future astronomical research?

1 00:00:12,130 --> 00:00:20,610 他突然想到,如果恒星不断塌缩, 2 00:00:20,730 --> 00:00:23,630 它的密度就会迅速增大, 3 00:00:23,750 --> 00:00:26,850 大到原子的核心那么大, 4 00:00:26,990 --> 00:00:28,790 也就是原子核。 5 00:00:28,790 --> 00:00:29,810 原 6 00:00:30,290 --> 00:00:37,490 子核内部是非常紧密的密度极大那它外部的这个电子 7 00:00:37,490 --> 00:00:42,650 绕着它转实际上这个电子呢距离原子核是非常遥远的 8 00:00:42,650 --> 00:00:48,080 按比例来说是离得它非常遥远其实原子是一个非常非 9 00:00:48,080 --> 00:00:53,390 常空的空间里边有一个致密的原子核外面就是空得很 10 00:00:53,390 --> 00:00:56,030 然后有一些电子在这打转 11 00:00:57,360 --> 00:00:57,920 好, 12 00:00:58,020 --> 00:01:04,080 假如恒星它缩到了这种程度就是它的核心它的密度跟 13 00:01:04,080 --> 00:01:09,550 这个原子核的核心是一样的话那么结果你就会得到一 14 00:01:09,550 --> 00:01:13,460 个无法想象的致密的一个核 15 00:01:17,810 --> 00:01:18,370 到 16 00:01:18,560 --> 00:01:24,900 这种情况呢原子就会被挤压到一起看一下 literally 17 00:01:24,900 --> 00:01:31,040 这个词先看 literal 它的形容词意思是按字面理解的 18 00:01:31,040 --> 00:01:36,600 也就是说 crushed together 原子被挤在一起这不是夸 19 00:01:36,600 --> 00:01:40,480 张的说法也不是什么比喻我就是这个意思 20 00:01:41,160 --> 00:01:44,440 明明白白的你就按字面意思理解就好了 21 00:01:45,320 --> 00:01:51,050 所以相当于是实际上原子呢确切实实真的会被挤到一 22 00:01:51,050 --> 00:01:55,960 起原子被挤到一块以后呢 the electrons forced into 23 00:01:55,960 --> 00:01:56,600 the nucleus 24 00:01:57,620 --> 00:02:05,600 他们的电子就会被压进原子核内部形成中子这样就形 25 00:02:05,600 --> 00:02:12,790 成了一颗中子星 imagine a million really weighty 26 00:02:12,790 --> 00:02:17,130 cannonballssqueezed down to the size of a marble and, 27 00:02:17,370 --> 00:02:17,950 well, 28 00:02:18,090 --> 00:02:23,040 you're still not even closeweighty means heavywell, 29 00:02:23,400 --> 00:02:29,510 cannonballs is like this And this is a cannon This 30 00:02:29,930 --> 00:02:30,810 is a marble 31 00:02:31,790 --> 00:02:38,210 试想一下如果能够把一百万颗很重的炮弹挤压到一个 32 00:02:38,210 --> 00:02:43,230 弹珠那么点大小这样它的密度应该已经是够大了吧 33 00:02:43,230 --> 00:02:46,930 Well,you're still not even close 还早着呢 34 00:02:47,110 --> 00:02:52,430 差得远着呢 The core of a neutron star is so dense that a 35 00:02:52,430 --> 00:02:56,130 single spoonful of matter from it would weigh two 36 00:02:56,130 --> 00:02:59,010 hundred billion pounds a spoonful 37 00:03:00,100 --> 00:03:08,080 中子星的核心密度极大结构非常致密从那儿挖取一条 38 00:03:08,080 --> 00:03:15,500 根的物质它的重量就要达到两千亿磅一磅大概是九两 39 00:03:15,500 --> 00:03:22,040 多你可以把它理解为两千亿斤仅仅只有一条根哦 but 40 00:03:23,290 --> 00:03:25,170 they were small 但 41 00:03:25,330 --> 00:03:30,930 奇怪的还不是如此呢令人大跌眼镜的还不是如此呢 42 00:03:31,270 --> 00:03:35,030 Zwicky realized that after the collapse of such a star 43 00:03:35,030 --> 00:03:40,290 there would be a huge amount of energy left overenough 44 00:03:40,290 --> 00:03:45,410 to make the biggest bang in the universe Zwicky 意识到 45 00:03:45,410 --> 00:03:47,970 他推想到在 46 00:03:48,000 --> 00:03:54,780 这颗恒星塌缩以后应该会留下大量的能量 Left over 47 00:03:55,000 --> 00:04:01,800 遗留下来足以造成宇宙中最大的爆炸 He 48 00:04:02,320 --> 00:04:06,320 called these resultant explosions supernovae 49 00:04:06,900 --> 00:04:09,040 Resultant 是 result 50 00:04:09,180 --> 00:04:17,420 结果的形容词他把用这种方式产生的爆炸称为超新星 51 00:04:17,420 --> 00:04:22,500 They would be,they are the biggest events in creation 52 00:04:23,540 --> 00:04:30,210 would be 这是过去将来时他们将是因为 Zwicky 他做这 53 00:04:30,210 --> 00:04:34,840 个推测的时候是在过去因此不是用一般将来时而是过 54 00:04:34,840 --> 00:04:40,700 去将来时他们将是宇宙间最了不起的大师破 55 00:04:41,020 --> 00:04:43,260 折号这里多了一个 they are 56 00:04:44,110 --> 00:04:50,050 那就是以我们现在的眼光来看他们确确实实就是宇宙 57 00:04:50,050 --> 00:04:52,650 间最伟大的最了不起的事件 58 00:05:09,950 --> 00:05:14,240 1934 年的 1 月 15 号在 59 00:05:14,540 --> 00:05:15,680 物理评论 60 00:05:15,800 --> 00:05:21,200 这个期刊 J ournal 是期刊杂志的意思发表了一篇非常 61 00:05:21,200 --> 00:05:25,360 简短的摘要 Abstract 是摘要这个摘要呢, 62 00:05:25,500 --> 00:05:30,350 是 Zwicky 和 Bart 两个人在上个月, 63 00:05:30,470 --> 00:05:32,710 也就是 1933 年的 12 月, 64 00:05:32,810 --> 00:05:36,210 在斯坦福大学做的一份报告的摘要。 65 00:05:38,580 --> 00:05:40,800 Despite its extreme brevity, 66 00:05:41,060 --> 00:05:43,360 one paragraph of 24 lines, 67 00:05:43,700 --> 00:05:47,580 the abstract contained an enormous amount of new 68 00:05:47,580 --> 00:05:47,960 science. 69 00:05:48,760 --> 00:05:51,860 尽管这篇摘要非常的简短, 70 00:05:51,980 --> 00:05:55,500 brevity 就是简短,是一个名词。 71 00:05:56,080 --> 00:05:58,600 尽管极其简短,只有一段, 72 00:05:58,740 --> 00:06:00,820 总共就 24 行, 73 00:06:01,630 --> 00:06:06,790 但是这篇摘要呢,包含着大量的最新的科学。 74 00:06:08,270 --> 00:06:12,770 It provided the first reference to supernovae and to 75 00:06:12,770 --> 00:06:16,730 neutron stars.reference 是参考资料的意思, 76 00:06:17,310 --> 00:06:23,190 它提供了超新星和中子星的最初的参考资料, 77 00:06:23,270 --> 00:06:26,650 因为它是最早提出这两个概念的。 78 00:06:26,650 --> 00:06:30,440 convincingly explained their method of formation 而 79 00:06:30,440 --> 00:06:32,250 且非常 80 00:06:32,510 --> 00:06:38,390 令人信服地解释了他们的形成方式 formation 你要看 81 00:06:38,390 --> 00:06:39,610 到动词是 form 82 00:06:39,770 --> 00:06:45,620 形成 formation 就是名词 correctly calculated the 83 00:06:45,620 --> 00:06:51,520 scale of their explosiveness 而且正确计算出他们爆 84 00:06:51,520 --> 00:06:53,000 炸力的规模 85 00:06:53,700 --> 00:06:59,340 and as a kind of concluding bonus Bon us 是额外的红利, 86 00:06:59,440 --> 00:07:05,030 额外的赠品,而且到最后还有一个额外的收获, 87 00:07:05,170 --> 00:07:08,930 那就是 Connected Supernova Explosions to the 88 00:07:08,930 --> 00:07:12,390 Production of a Mysterious New Phenomen on Called 89 00:07:12,390 --> 00:07:13,950 Cosmic Rays。 90 00:07:13,950 --> 00:07:14,910 它 91 00:07:15,230 --> 00:07:22,770 们把超新星爆炸跟当时发现的一种神秘的新现象也就 92 00:07:22,770 --> 00:07:26,490 是宇宙射线的产生联系在一起 93 00:07:32,680 --> 00:07:38,810 Swimming 指的是像蜜蜂一样一群蜂拥而过当 94 00:07:39,040 --> 00:07:45,010 时刚刚发现大量的宇宙射线蜂拥穿过宇宙我们下期再 95 00:07:45,010 --> 00:07:45,020 见