第3章 埃文斯牧师的宇宙 The Reverend Evans's Universe · 第2讲S2

1. 老师，讲稿里说 Zwicky 是 'notoriously aggressive'，这里的 'notorious' 和 'famous' 都是出名的意思，但为什么这里要用 notorious 而不是 famous 呢？有啥区别呀？
2. 文中提到 Zwicky 指控 Bard 是纳粹（accused Bard of being a Nazi），但 Bard 其实只是德国人。我想问问，'accuse someone of doing something' 这个短语具体该怎么用？能多给几个类似的例子吗？
3. 讲稿里把 'startling brilliance' 解释为 'surprising' 和 'extremely clever'。我想探究一下，'startling' 这个词通常带有让人吓一跳的负面或震惊意味，为什么这里用来形容 'brilliance'（才华/光辉）这种褒义词呢？这种搭配有什么特殊效果？
4. 文中详细解释了 'subatomic' 里的前缀 'sub-'，还举了 submarine 和 subculture 的例子。我想分析下，为什么 'subway'（地铁）里的 'sub' 是 'under' 的意思，而 'subculture'（亚文化）里的 'sub' 却是 'secondary'（次要/次级）的意思？它们之间有什么逻辑联系吗？
5. 这段讲稿先说了 Zwicky 脾气暴躁、爱吓人，转头又说他有 'startling brilliance'。我想延伸思考一下，作者为什么要花这么多篇幅描写他性格上的缺点？这对于塑造 Zwicky 这个天文学家的形象，或者引出他后来的科学发现，有什么作用？

1. Teacher, the transcript says Zwicky was 'notoriously aggressive'. Both 'notorious' and 'famous' mean well-known, but why use 'notorious' here instead of 'famous'? What's the difference?
2. The text mentions that Zwicky 'accused Bard of being a Nazi', even though Bard was just German. I want to ask, how exactly do we use the phrase 'accuse someone of doing something'? Could you provide a few more examples like this?
3. The transcript explains 'startling brilliance' as 'surprising' and 'extremely clever'. I'd like to explore why 'startling', which usually carries a negative or shocking connotation, is used to describe 'brilliance', which is a positive term. What effect does this collocation have?
4. The text explains the prefix 'sub-' in 'subatomic' and gives examples like 'submarine' and 'subculture'. I'd like to analyze why 'sub' in 'subway' means 'under', while in 'subculture' it means 'secondary'. Is there a logical connection between these usages?
5. The transcript first describes Zwicky's bad temper and intimidating behavior, then suddenly mentions his 'startling brilliance'. I'd like to think further: why does the author spend so much time on his character flaws? How does this help shape Zwicky's image as an astronomer or lead into his scientific discoveries?

1 00:00:06,380 --> 00:00:07,740 He was notoriously 2 00:00:08,180 --> 00:00:08,560 ously aggressive. 3 00:00:08,800 --> 00:00:12,680 His manner eventually becoming so intimidating that 4 00:00:12,680 --> 00:00:14,320 his closest collaborator, 5 00:00:14,440 --> 00:00:16,840 a gentle man named Walter Bard, 6 00:00:17,140 --> 00:00:19,580 refused to be left alone with him. 7 00:00:19,780 --> 00:00:23,700 Notorious means famous for something bad. 8 00:00:23,980 --> 00:00:29,120 Aggressive means so rude and acts as if he wants to fight 9 00:00:29,120 --> 00:00:33,580 or quarrel with someone.他是个出了名的张牙舞爪的 10 00:00:33,580 --> 00:00:38,200 人物他的举止行为到后来 Eventually means in the end 11 00:00:38,200 --> 00:00:41,760 Becoming so intimidating Intimidating means 12 00:00:41,760 --> 00:00:43,340 scaring,threatening 13 00:00:44,120 --> 00:00:49,080 他的行为举止到后来变得越发的变本加厉变得越来越 14 00:00:49,080 --> 00:00:56,220 吓人了 Collaborator means co operator Person who 15 00:00:56,220 --> 00:00:57,400 works with him 16 00:00:58,370 --> 00:01:05,260 就连合作者一个名叫 Water Bard Gentle man Gentle 也就 17 00:01:05,260 --> 00:01:09,550 是非常友好和善的一个谦谦君子 18 00:01:10,670 --> 00:01:17,820 都拒绝跟他单独相处 Among other things, 19 00:01:18,100 --> 00:01:23,760 Zwicky accused Bard who was German of being a Naziwhich 20 00:01:23,820 --> 00:01:29,020 he was not Among other things 就说明 Zwicky 干了很多这 21 00:01:29,020 --> 00:01:34,780 种事其中一个就是就是 Zwicky accused Bard of being a 22 00:01:34,780 --> 00:01:41,540 Nazi Nazi 是纳粹党徒以希特勒为首在 23 00:01:41,600 --> 00:01:46,460 德国发动了第二次世界大战就是德国法西斯 24 00:01:47,040 --> 00:01:52,100 那这个 Bard 他确实是德国人可是他并不是纳粹党徒但 25 00:01:52,100 --> 00:01:58,620 Zwicky 就指责他指控他为纳粹党徒 accused someone of 26 00:01:58,620 --> 00:02:03,030 doing something or of something 指的就是指控他是什 27 00:02:03,030 --> 00:02:04,480 么 On 28 00:02:05,160 --> 00:02:09,080 at least one occasion Zwicky threatened to kill Bart 29 00:02:09,080 --> 00:02:13,000 who worked up the hill at the Mount Wilson Observatory 30 00:02:13,000 --> 00:02:15,980 if he saw him on the Caltech campus 31 00:02:16,770 --> 00:02:21,790 这里要搞清楚 he 指的是谁 him 又是谁 he 32 00:02:22,880 --> 00:02:25,840 就是 Zwicky him 就是 Bart 33 00:02:26,930 --> 00:02:33,350 至少有那么一次 Zwicky 威胁 Bart 说呢, 34 00:02:33,370 --> 00:02:40,650 假如看到 Bart 出现在加州理工学院的校园的话就要宰 35 00:02:40,650 --> 00:02:42,570 了他这多吓人呢 36 00:02:43,320 --> 00:02:48,200 幸亏这个 Bart 我们看一下这里有一个非限制性的定语 37 00:02:48,200 --> 00:02:56,800 重句幸亏他不是在这个加州理工学院的校园工作而是 38 00:02:56,800 --> 00:02:59,660 在山上的贴文台 But 39 00:03:01,190 --> 00:03:04,370 Zwicky was also capable of insights of the most 40 00:03:04,370 --> 00:03:05,910 startling brilliance 41 00:03:07,050 --> 00:03:11,210 Capable of 她具备这种能力 Insights 42 00:03:11,370 --> 00:03:13,590 指的是深刻的洞察力 43 00:03:13,650 --> 00:03:17,170 深刻的见解 She is a woman of great insights 44 00:03:17,990 --> 00:03:19,750 Startling means surprising 45 00:03:20,360 --> 00:03:24,680 惊人的尤其是指突然把人吓一跳的这种 46 00:03:24,680 --> 00:03:29,880 startlingbrilliance 我们先看他的形容词 brilliant 47 00:03:29,880 --> 00:03:34,180 it means extremely clever or skillful I 48 00:03:34,470 --> 00:03:37,910 think that's a brilliant idea or a brilliant young 49 00:03:37,910 --> 00:03:38,430 musician 50 00:03:39,190 --> 00:03:42,730 天才的非常聪明的 in 51 00:03:43,820 --> 00:03:48,780 the early 1930s he turned his attention to a question 52 00:03:48,780 --> 00:03:51,000 that had long troubled astronomers 53 00:03:51,600 --> 00:03:53,540 the appearance in the sky 54 00:03:57,700 --> 00:04:04,820 所以 Zwicky 也是有两把刷子的他有见人之未见的惊人 55 00:04:04,820 --> 00:04:10,440 才智在 1930 年代初期他把注意力转移到了一个 56 00:04:10,980 --> 00:04:15,380 长久以来一直在困扰着天文学家的问题 57 00:04:16,040 --> 00:04:18,200 那就是天空中 58 00:04:18,740 --> 00:04:25,760 偶尔会出现一些难以解释的光点那就是星星 59 00:04:40,440 --> 00:04:44,580 先看画线的主干部分他 60 00:04:44,740 --> 00:04:51,620 在想中子会不会就是问题的关键所在呢是否就是问题 61 00:04:51,620 --> 00:04:52,640 的核心呢 62 00:04:53,260 --> 00:04:58,780 现在再把其他次要的成分挂上去 improbably 大家应该 63 00:04:58,780 --> 00:05:04,560 可以看到中间的 probablep r o b a b l eprobable means 64 00:05:04,560 --> 00:05:09,160 likely 可能的那么 improbably means not likely to be 65 00:05:09,160 --> 00:05:15,240 true 肺移所思奇谈怪论听起来就不像是真的 66 00:05:16,060 --> 00:05:18,800 也就是它突发奇想破 67 00:05:20,180 --> 00:05:25,130 折号里的部分是对 neutron 的具体的解释 In fact, 68 00:05:25,250 --> 00:05:28,750 we have learned about neutrin in our first lesson Let's 69 00:05:28,750 --> 00:05:32,150 look at this picture again This is the structure of an 70 00:05:32,150 --> 00:05:35,990 atom Inside the atom,inside an atom, 71 00:05:36,110 --> 00:05:37,010 there is nucleus, 72 00:05:37,650 --> 00:05:43,170 原子核 Nucle us consists of neutrin and proton 原子核 73 00:05:43,170 --> 00:05:48,960 呢,又是由中子和质子构成的所以这个 neutrin, 74 00:05:49,100 --> 00:05:49,820 中子, 75 00:05:49,920 --> 00:05:53,740 它是原子内部的一个粒子因 76 00:05:53,840 --> 00:05:58,960 此说它是 sub atomic particle 这里大家应该可以看到 77 00:05:58,960 --> 00:06:05,060 asum 原子那么 sub 这个前废指的是 under or secondary 78 00:06:06,080 --> 00:06:09,480 就是在原子下面的一个层次的 79 00:06:09,610 --> 00:06:15,650 一个例子我们看更多的 sub 的例子比如说 submarine 80 00:06:15,670 --> 00:06:20,690 这是潜水艇因为 marine 是海洋的意思 submarine 指的 81 00:06:20,690 --> 00:06:28,710 是 under the sea 潜在海底下的 sub way 这是地铁 way 是道 82 00:06:28,710 --> 00:06:32,430 路 sub way means under the way 在 83 00:06:32,940 --> 00:06:34,400 地下而 84 00:06:34,780 --> 00:06:39,260 这个 subculture 这个 sub 就是这里 secondary 的意思了 85 00:06:39,260 --> 00:06:44,220 比如说华人文化在美国它就不是主流文化不是 86 00:06:44,220 --> 00:06:48,870 mainstream culture 而是 subculture 是一种亚文化还 87 00:06:48,870 --> 00:06:49,360 有 88 00:06:49,560 --> 00:06:55,420 subcontinentcontinent 是大洲或大陆而 89 00:06:55,420 --> 00:07:01,190 subcontinent 是在大陆里边一个相对独立的次大陆比 90 00:07:01,190 --> 00:07:06,900 如说我们喜马拉雅山脉南部的印度板块那一块就叫南 91 00:07:06,900 --> 00:07:12,750 亚次大陆亚和次都是 secondary 的意思好了, 92 00:07:14,140 --> 00:07:19,340 当时这个中子呢是刚刚在英国被发现所以呢, 93 00:07:19,480 --> 00:07:24,340 中子这么一个东西当时还算是 novel 上 94 00:07:24,370 --> 00:07:29,630 一次课学过了 novel means new 相当的新颖而且呢, 95 00:07:29,670 --> 00 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）