第2章 欢迎来到太阳系 Welcome to the Solar System · 第6讲

课程:《万物简史》慕课教程(WANWUJS001)主讲:余俊英副教授(数字人)词汇 32 条句型 5 条要点 3 条
一、本课要点
二、核心词汇(32)
词条释义 / 讲解
vacuumn. 真空;空旷。本课指星际空间近乎完美的真空状态。
interstellaradj. 星际的。inter(之间)+stellar(恒星),指恒星之间的空间。
nothingnessn. 虚无;空虚。与emptiness, vacuum近义,强调空间的浩瀚与无物。
cosmosn. 宇宙。指有序、和谐的整体宇宙,比universe更具文学色彩。
clustern. 群;簇。天文学中指恒星群,如cluster of stars。
galacticadj. 银河系的;星系的。galaxy的形容词形式,用于描述星系尺度。
clutchn. 一把;一群。此处指孤零零聚在一起的几颗星星,同cluster。
consequencen. 重要性;意义。此处指significant,指值得关注的显著地标。
approachv. 接近,靠近。此处指速度接近光速。
fantasticallyadv. 极其,非常。此处修饰 challenging,表示挑战极大。
alien beingsn. 外星人。alien 也可作形容词,意为陌生的、异族的。
frighten sb. out of短语。把某人吓得半死,魂飞魄散。
amuse oneself短语。找乐子,消遣娱乐,打发时间。
estimaten./v. 估计,估算。此处指对恒星数量的估算数据。
divide A by B把A除以B。注意介词用by,而非into。
arise出现,发生。文中指生命在行星上“出现”或“起源”。
conservative estimate保守估计。指取较小、较谨慎的数值进行推算。
communicative civilizations可交流文明。指具备技术能力并能向太空发射信号的智慧文明。
spacious广阔的,宽敞的。文中形容宇宙空间的巨大。
reckon估计,估算。口语中常用,此处指科学家对距离的测算。
beingsn. 生物,存在物。此处指外星智慧生命(extraterrestrial beings)。
French Revolutionn. 法国大革命(1789-1799)。因光传播需200年,此时地球处于该历史时期。
Founding Fathersn. 开国元勋。特指美国独立宣言的签署人,如托马斯·杰斐逊。
powdered wigsn. 涂粉假发。18世纪欧洲时尚,象征身份地位,当时男性常佩戴。
genen. 基因。汉语“基因”为音译。现代概念:Genetically Modified Food (转基因食品)。
embern. 琥珀。古罗马人用琥珀摩擦皮毛产生静电,希腊语称electron,即electricity词源。
jack of all trades谚语。样样皆通,样样稀松。master of none指无一精通。
vastlyadv. 极大地,非常。修饰 beyond imagining,强调数量之巨大超乎想象。
scatteredadj. 散落的,稀疏分布的。指行星在广袤宇宙中并非密集聚集,而是零星散布。
insertv. 插入。语境为被抛入宇宙空间,指 put in between or into something else。
ruledv. 裁定,决定。此处指官方机构(IAU)做出具有法律或正式效力的决定。
hydrostatic equilibriumn. 流体静力平衡。天文学术语,指天体自身引力使其形成近似球形的状态。
三、句型与语法点(5)
要点说明
estimate A to be based on结构:estimate + 宾语 + to be + 过去分词。意为“估算A是基于……”。
with + 名词 + 介词短语独立主格结构作状语。with the equation in place 表示“方程确立后/就绪后”。
light that left...定语从句。light that left earth 200 years ago,指200年前离开地球的光。
chances that...几率表达。the chances that... would be... 意为“……的可能性是……”,后接概率数值。
a vs. an冠词用法。one 虽以元音字母开头,但发音 /wʌn/ 为辅音音素,故用 a 而非 an。
四、课堂讨论题
1. 讲稿里说从太阳系到比邻星只是“sissy skip”,这词儿啥意思啊?为啥用这个词来形容,是嫌它太短了吗?
2. 作者把‘nothingness’、‘emptiness’和‘vacuum’放在一起说它们很像,那这三个词在描述太空时到底有啥细微区别?
3. 文中提到太阳系是单星系统,而Alpha Centauri是三颗星组成的“cluster”,那“cluster”除了指星星,平时还能咋用?
4. 外星人为啥要跑到地球搞麦田圈或者吓唬人?讲稿里说他们“must have teenagers”,这到底是啥逻辑?
5. 既然去银河系中心要花的时间远超人类寿命,那我们现在探索宇宙到底有啥实际意义?
五、Discussion Questions (English)
1. What does 'sissy skip' mean in the lecture? Why did the author use this specific term to describe the distance to Proxima Centauri?
2. The author groups 'nothingness', 'emptiness', and 'vacuum' together as similar words. What are the subtle differences between them when describing space?
3. The text mentions that Alpha Centauri is a 'cluster' of three stars. Besides stars, how else can we use the word 'cluster' in daily conversation?
4. Why would aliens travel billions of miles to create crop circles or scare people? What is the logic behind the statement 'they must have teenagers'?
5. Since it would take longer than a human lifespan to reach the center of the galaxy, what is the actual significance of our current space exploration?
六、听力 / 讲稿全文
1 00:00:11,820 --> 00:00:12,400 Hey guys, 2 00:00:12,660 --> 00:00:16,500 we're going to find out whether this UFO has visited the 3 00:00:16,500 --> 00:00:19,020 Earth and created the crop circles. 4 00:00:20,880 --> 00:00:22,740 In the previous five lessons, 5 00:00:22,900 --> 00:00:26,220 the author guided us through a tour in the solar system. 6 00:00:26,590 --> 00:00:29,770 He said,so,that's your solar system, 7 00:00:29,950 --> 00:00:33,470 and what else is out there beyond the solar system? 8 00:00:33,870 --> 00:00:36,310 Well,nothing and a great deal, 9 00:00:36,490 --> 00:00:41,210 depending on how you look at it.可以说太阳系之外什么 10 00:00:41,210 --> 00:00:46,850 也没有也可以说有很多东西就看你从哪一个角度来看 11 00:00:46,850 --> 00:00:52,200 了 In the short term,it's nothing In the short term, 12 00:00:53,000 --> 00:00:57,800 从短期来看可以说什么也没有 The most perfect vacuum 13 00:00:57,800 --> 00:01:02,340 ever created by humans is not as empty as the emptiness 14 00:01:02,340 --> 00:01:04,360 of interstellar space 15 00:01:06,290 --> 00:01:13,590 人类所创造出来的最完美的真空也不可能跟星际空间 16 00:01:13,590 --> 00:01:19,510 的那种真空一样空 emptiness 相当于就是 vacuum 17 00:01:19,790 --> 00:01:20,670 空 18 00:01:20,800 --> 00:01:22,320 旷这个是名词, 19 00:01:22,400 --> 00:01:28,200 empty 的名词 interstellar spacestellar means 20 00:01:28,200 --> 00:01:32,940 starsinter means betweeninterstellar means between 21 00:01:32,940 --> 00:01:36,220 stars 星际空间 and 22 00:01:36,340 --> 00:01:40,060 there is a great deal of this nothingnessuntil you get 23 00:01:40,060 --> 00:01:43,200 to the next bit of somethingnothingness, 24 00:01:43,220 --> 00:01:47,660 emptiness,vacuum these three words are very similar 25 00:01:48,640 --> 00:01:54,360 这样的真空又是非常浩瀚无边要过非常久, 26 00:01:54,460 --> 00:01:59,040 走很远你才能够 get to the next bit of something 你才能 27 00:01:59,040 --> 00:02:04,140 够遇到一点什么东西也许是另一个星球而这个星球在 28 00:02:04,140 --> 00:02:10,120 地球人看来也许那是非常庞大的但是相对于那浩瀚的 29 00:02:10,120 --> 00:02:15,000 emptiness 或者 nothingness or vacuum 它又是多么渺小 30 00:02:15,000 --> 00:02:20,840 所以作者才说它是 bit of somethingnext bit of 31 00:02:20,840 --> 00:02:26,040 something 要走很远很远才能够看到那么点东西 Our 32 00:02:26,360 --> 00:02:30,600 nearest neighbor in the cosmosproximal century 33 00:02:31,670 --> 00:02:38,040 就是前面一课说的比邻星半人马做的比林星, 34 00:02:38,160 --> 00:02:40,920 which is part of the three star cluster, 35 00:02:41,100 --> 00:02:43,440 known as Alpha Centauri. 36 00:02:43,480 --> 00:02:47,290 Cluster means a group of similar things, 37 00:02:47,630 --> 00:02:49,910 for example,a cluster of buildings, 38 00:02:50,230 --> 00:02:52,390 or a cluster of children. 39 00:02:53,230 --> 00:02:57,930 Three star cluster,we also call it three star system. 40 00:02:58,190 --> 00:03:00,750 It means a system,a solar system, 41 00:03:01,030 --> 00:03:05,150 with three stars.我们先说自己的太阳系。 42 00:03:05,150 --> 00:03:08,170 太阳系是只有一颗主星的, 43 00:03:08,210 --> 00:03:14,470 但是银河系里的其他的恒星系多数都是有两颗主星, 44 00:03:14,650 --> 00:03:16,470 有的有三颗主星。 45 00:03:16,630 --> 00:03:22,210 那现在我们说的这个三颗主星的恒星系就叫做 Three 46 00:03:22,210 --> 00:03:26,960 Star Cluster,known as Alpha Centauri。 47 00:03:26,960 --> 00:03:32,660 Alpha Centaur i Centaur i 上次说过了是半人马座半人 48 00:03:32,660 --> 00:03:39,890 马座就是一个有着三颗主星的星座 Cluster means a 49 00:03:39,890 --> 00:03:42,310 group of similar things For example, 50 00:03:42,410 --> 00:03:46,230 a cluster of children A cluster of buildings 51 00:03:46,810 --> 00:03:50,790 Three star cluster means a three star system A three 52 00:03:50,790 --> 00:03:56,070 star solar system 我们拿自己的太阳系做比较吧太阳 53 00:03:56,070 --> 00:04:03,590 系是只有一颗主星的但是在银河系的其他的恒星系里 54 00:04:03,590 --> 00:04:09,350 面多数是有两颗或者三颗主星的那我们现在说的就是 55 00:04:09,350 --> 00:04:14,430 有三颗主星的星系 Three Star Cluster 这个有三颗主星 56 00:04:14,430 --> 00:04:17,690 的星系就叫做 Alpha Centaur i 57 00:04:18,540 --> 00:04:23,740 那 Proxim a Centaur i 就是前面说的半人马座的比邻星 58 00:04:23,740 --> 00:04:27,430 它就是 Alpha Centaur i 59 00:04:27,890 --> 00:04:35,010 这个三星系统中的最亮的最大的这一颗 Alpha 是希腊 60 00:04:35,010 --> 00:04:39,690 字母的排第一个的那个字母就是希腊字母表里边第一 61 00:04:39,690 --> 00:04:44,430 个字母写出来是这样的因为它是排第一的所以它就是 62 00:04:44,430 --> 00:04:49,930 老大 Alpha Centaur i 自然指的就是最亮的那一颗在一 63 00:04:49,930 --> 00:04:54,420 个狼群里边 Alpha Wolf 就是头狼好了, 64 00:04:55,210 --> 00:05:01,630 这个比邻星是离我们 4.3 光年之远但是, 65 00:05:01,870 --> 00:05:04,110 in galactic terms, 66 00:05:04,490 --> 00:05:09,290 galactic 前面已经说过了是 galaxy 的形容词也就是拿 67 00:05:09,290 --> 00:05:15,250 星系空间这样一个广大的背景去看的话它只是很小的 68 00:05:15,250 --> 00:05:21,010 一步只是 a sissy skip Sissy is an insulting word for a 69 00:05:21,010 --> 00:05:25,270 boy or man who does things that girls or women usually do 70 00:05:25,270 --> 00:05:32,280 用汉语说就是很娘娘腔的 Skip 是跳跃所以这并不是就 71 00:05:32,280 --> 00:05:40,130 是从我们太阳系到他们这个 proximal century 离我们 72 00:05:40,130 --> 00:05:46,410 最近的比林星并不是豪迈的一跃只是走了一小步就像 73 00:05:46,410 --> 00:05:49,130 小姐的小碎步一样 But 74 00:05:49,510 --> 00:05:53,430 that is still a hundred million times farther than a 75 00:05:53,430 --> 00:05:58,530 trip to the moon 但是跟登月旅行相比那 76 00:05:58,560 --> 00:06:02,760 可就大得多了 A hundred million times farther 77 00:06:04,470 --> 00:06:09,770 我们中国古代有后一摄日的神话天空中原来有九个太 78 00:06:09,770 --> 00:06:16,270 阳其实这并非不可能在其他的星系里头其他的类似太 79 00:06:16,270 --> 00:06:19,150 阳系的星系里头也许他们真的有九个呢 80 00:06:19,930 --> 00:06:27,210 这个就是想象中的在一个三星系统的星系里边在某一 81 00:06:27,210 --> 00:06:30,250 颗行星上看天空的情形 82 00:06:31,010 --> 00:06:33,370 那就有三个太阳 to 83 00:06:34,810 --> 00:06:37,730 reach it by spaceship would take at least 25, 84 00:06:38,110 --> 00:06:41,470 000 years and even if you make the trip you still 85 00:06:41,470 --> 00:06:44,910 wouldn't be anywhereexcept at a lonely clutch of stars 86 00:06:44,910 --> 00:06:47,130 in the middle of a vast nowhere 87 00:06:47,830 --> 00:06:53,850 如果要乘坐太空船前往的话那也得花上两万五千年而 88 00:06:53,850 --> 00:06:58,850 且就算是你到了那 you make the trip 你成功了 you still 89 00:06:58,850 --> 00:07:02,130 wouldn't be anywhereexcept at a lonely clutch of 90 00:07:02,130 --> 00:07:07,440 starslonely clutch ……(后略,完整文稿见视频页字幕)
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七、课堂练习(AI 生成)
1. 在数学运算中,表达“把A除以B”时,应使用以下哪个介词结构?
A. divide A into B
B. divide A by B
C. divide A with B
D. divide A for B
答案:B · 根据板书要点,divide A by B 表示把A除以B,注意介词固定用 by,而非 into。
2. 关于冠词 a 和 an 的用法,下列句子中冠词使用正确的是哪一项?
A. an one-way street
B. a one-way street
C. an one hundred dollars
D. a one-eyed boy
答案:B · 板书指出 one 虽以元音字母开头,但发音 /wʌn/ 为辅音音素,故前面用 a 而非 an。
3. 板书提到的“with + 名词 + 介词短语”结构在句中通常充当什么成分?
A. 定语从句
B. 独立主格结构作状语
C. 宾语补足语
D. 表语
答案:B · 该结构为独立主格结构,在句中作状语,如 with the equation in place 表示“方程确立后”。
4. 谚语“jack of all trades”在课堂练习中通常用来形容哪种情况?
A. 样样精通,无所不能
B. 样样皆通,样样稀松
C. 专注于单一领域
D. 缺乏基础知识
答案:B · 板书明确该谚语意为“样样皆通,样样稀松”,常与 master of none 连用或对照。
5. 天文学术语 hydrostatic equilibrium 指的是什么现象?
A. 恒星核聚变反应
B. 天体自身引力使其形成近似球形的状态
C. 行星绕恒星公转的轨道
D. 星际空间的真空状态
答案:B · 板书指出该术语指流体静力平衡,即天体自身引力使其形成近似球形的状态。