第2章 欢迎来到太阳系 Welcome to the Solar System · 第6讲S5

1. 老师，文中说 'a 1 followed by 33 zeros'，为什么 'one' 前面用 'a' 而不是 'an' 呀？不是看字母吗？
2. 那个 'insert' 按钮啥意思？为啥老师拿键盘举例，它和 'scattered' 说的宇宙分布有啥关系？
3. 冥王星以前是行星，后来被降级了，IAU 说的三条标准里，为啥第三条 'cleared the neighborhood' 它就挂科了？
4. 既然宇宙里行星那么多，概率那么低，作者为啥还说 'worlds are precious' 并且觉得发现新行星是 'good news'？
5. 这一章明明叫 'Welcome to the solar system'，为啥最后要花篇幅讲太阳系外面的世界，这样写不跑题吗？

1. Teacher, the text says 'a 1 followed by 33 zeros'. Why do we use 'a' before 'one' instead of 'an'? Isn't it based on the letter?
2. What does the 'insert' button mean? Why did the teacher use a keyboard as an example, and how does it relate to the 'scattered' distribution of the universe?
3. Pluto was demoted from a planet. Regarding the three criteria set by the IAU, why did it fail specifically on the third one, 'cleared the neighborhood'?
4. Since the probability of finding a planet is so low despite the vast number of planets, why does the author say 'worlds are precious' and consider discovering new planets as 'good news'?
5. This chapter is titled 'Welcome to the solar system', so why does it devote space to discussing the world beyond the solar system at the end? Isn't that off-topic?

1 00:00:09,900 --> 00:00:12,780 即便我们并不是真的孤独的, 2 00:00:12,840 --> 00:00:16,460 因为地外生命还是存在的, 3 00:00:16,500 --> 00:00:18,140 地外文明的数量还不少, 4 00:00:18,260 --> 00:00:21,460 但是事实上,in all practical terms, 5 00:00:21,540 --> 00:00:24,900 in fact,we are,实际上我们还是孤独的, 6 00:00:24,960 --> 00:00:28,840 because it is impossible for two civilizations to 7 00:00:28,840 --> 00:00:32,260 communicate with each other.Karl Sagan calculated 8 00:00:32,260 --> 00:00:36,220 the number of probable planets in the universe at large 9 00:00:36,220 --> 00:00:40,120 at 10 billion trillion Karl Sagan 10 00:00:40,240 --> 00:00:44,160 做了一个计算做了一个估计他 11 00:00:44,260 --> 00:00:52,260 计算了整个宇宙中的可能存在的行星数那是 100 亿兆 12 00:00:52,260 --> 00:00:53,240 颗 a 13 00:00:53,300 --> 00:00:58,520 number vastly beyond imagining 这完全是超乎想象的 14 00:00:58,520 --> 00:00:59,220 一个数字 15 00:01:08,020 --> 00:01:16,320 但同样令人难以想象的是如此巨大数量的行星它在广 16 00:01:16,320 --> 00:01:18,540 袤无垠的宇宙中 17 00:01:19,360 --> 00:01:24,020 是稀稀落落的零零散散的分布的 Lightly 18 00:01:24,020 --> 00:01:30,860 scatteredscattered 指的就是散落并不是非常密集的 19 00:01:30,860 --> 00:01:34,980 因为空间实在太广大了是稀松的散布 20 00:01:35,720 --> 00:01:41,780 如果我们 21 00:01:41,870 --> 00:01:48,690 被随意的抛到宇宙中去插到宇宙中去 insert 指的是 to 22 00:01:48,690 --> 00:01:54,330 put in between something or to put into something else 23 00:01:54,330 --> 00:01:59,730 插入我们可以关注一下可以看一下电脑键盘的右上方 24 00:01:59,730 --> 00:02:02,770 有没有看到一个 insert 插入的按钮 25 00:02:03,160 --> 00:02:09,320 randomly 是随意没有挑选位置的随意把我们安到宇宙 26 00:02:09,320 --> 00:02:15,120 空间中去 the chances that you will be on or near a planet 27 00:02:15,750 --> 00:02:19,310 would be less than 1 in the billion trillion 28 00:02:19,310 --> 00:02:26,460 trillionchances 就是 prob abilities 几率概率那 29 00:02:26,560 --> 00:02:32,500 有多大的概率你会落在或者说直接落到或者说在一个 30 00:02:32,500 --> 00:02:34,460 行星的附近呢 31 00:02:35,000 --> 00:02:39,730 这个概率 Less than 1 in a billion trillion trillion 这 32 00:02:39,730 --> 00:02:44,520 个又是一个令人无法理解头鱼目眩的一个数字好了 33 00:02:44,640 --> 00:02:51,540 作者把它写成 10 的 33 次方这样看起来清楚一些 or 34 00:02:52,540 --> 00:03:01,920 a 1 followed by 33 zeros10 的 33 次方如果全部都写出来 35 00:03:01,920 --> 00:03:08,740 的话后面的 0 写出来那就是一个 1 后面跟着 33 个 0 a 36 00:03:08,840 --> 00:03:12,000 1 一个的大家 37 00:03:12,830 --> 00:03:18,130 可以看一下这个 1 开头这个 o 你可能觉得它是原音字母 38 00:03:18,130 --> 00:03:23,150 可是为什么它前面是用 a 而不是 m 呢但是因为这个读 39 00:03:23,150 --> 00:03:30,470 one 它的第一个音是无并不是原音所以我们前面这个 a 40 00:03:30,470 --> 00:03:31,270 还是 an 41 00:03:32,030 --> 00:03:37,710 主要是看后面的这个单词的第一个音是原音而 42 00:03:37,780 --> 00:03:40,980 不是看这个字母是不是原音字母 43 00:03:42,420 --> 00:03:44,560 worlds are precious 44 00:03:45,440 --> 00:03:52,760 世界是珍贵的意思是虽然说宇宙中存在着很多的文明 45 00:03:52,760 --> 00:03:55,960 可能这种 probability 这个概率是相当大的 46 00:03:56,780 --> 00:04:02,080 但是恐怕你是找不到它们的把你往天上随便一扔你会 47 00:04:02,080 --> 00:04:06,920 落在哪呢你真的能够落在一个 planet 上面的几率就是 48 00:04:06,920 --> 00:04:10,170 这么小 So,worlds are precious 49 00:04:11,350 --> 00:04:16,270 世界虽多即有的仍然非常珍贵 Which 50 00:04:17,300 --> 00:04:21,520 is why perhaps it is good news that in February 1999 In 51 00:04:21,500 --> 00:04:21,900 1999, 52 00:04:22,280 --> 00:04:25,400 the International Astronomical Union ruled 53 00:04:25,400 --> 00:04:29,520 officially that Pluto is a planet.Ruled, 54 00:04:29,740 --> 00:04:32,980 可能以前大家学过 rule 是统治, 55 00:04:33,120 --> 00:04:34,920 还有规矩的意思。 56 00:04:35,120 --> 00:04:37,660 这个 rule 是动词,it means decided, 57 00:04:37,980 --> 00:04:42,400 尤其是做出一个有法律效力的决定的时候, 58 00:04:42,660 --> 00:04:45,720 用这个 ruled,正式裁定。 59 00:04:46,620 --> 00:04:52,380 International Astronomical Union 就是 I AU 国际天文 60 00:04:52,380 --> 00:04:59,280 联合会在 1999 年正式裁定 Pluto is a planet 作 61 00:05:00,360 --> 00:05:04,400 者认为这是个好消息 The universe is a big and lonely 62 00:05:04,400 --> 00:05:09,280 place We can do with all the neighbors we can get 邻居嘛 63 00:05:09,400 --> 00:05:10,980 多一个算一个 64 00:05:11,100 --> 00:05:16,200 多一个也好宇宙是如此广大如此的孤独 Well, 65 00:05:17,370 --> 00:05:21,250 in fact,because the book was written in 2004, 66 00:05:21,630 --> 00:05:26,110 the author did not know that in 2006, 67 00:05:27,480 --> 00:05:31,620 International Astronomical Union ruled against 68 00:05:31,620 --> 00:05:37,400 Pluto.The Pluto was demoted to a dwarf planet. 69 00:05:38,810 --> 00:05:44,770 也就是 2006 年,国际天文联合会又做出一项裁定, 70 00:05:44,770 --> 00:05:51,360 把这个 Pluto 给开除了把它降级为矮行星 The 71 00:05:55,010 --> 00:06:00,870 three criteria of the I AU for a full sized planet are It 72 00:06:01,260 --> 00:06:06,120 is in orbit around the Sun It is sufficient mass to 73 00:06:06,120 --> 00:06:08,620 assume hydrostatic equilibrium 74 00:06:09,160 --> 00:06:13,180 a nearly round shape It has cleared the neighborhood 75 00:06:13,180 --> 00:06:17,500 around its orbit 当时把冥王星降级 76 00:06:18,400 --> 00:06:24,940 依据的是这三条标准这就是当时 I AU 制定的三 77 00:06:25,320 --> 00:06:31,800 条行星的标准要满足这三条标准才能算是 planet 一个 78 00:06:32,380 --> 00:06:40,560 是它必须是围绕太阳运行然后有足够的质量可以达到 79 00:06:40,560 --> 00:06:46,180 一种流体静态平衡也就是通俗的说 80 00:06:46,800 --> 00:06:48,500 必须是圆形的 81 00:06:49,560 --> 00:06:54,780 质量太小的东西它不会形成圆形就是奇形怪状的比如 82 00:06:54,780 --> 00:06:56,520 说小行星带里面的那些 83 00:06:57,420 --> 00:07:03,140 小石块当然其实是巨大的石块了比起那些行星来讲它 84 00:07:03,140 --> 00:07:06,720 就像是小石块一样那些 tumbling rocks 它们就是奇形 85 00:07:06,720 --> 00:07:13,140 怪状的它没有足够的质量不能够产生巨大的引力那 86 00:07:13,180 --> 00:07:20,000 在巨大的引力作用下这个星体才会慢慢地形成球形那 87 00:07:20,000 --> 00:07:25,140 冥王星这两条标准都符合了它也是基本是圆的然后也 88 00:07:25,140 --> 00:07:30,040 是绕着太阳转但是第三条没有符合 It has cleared the 89 00:07:30,040 --> 00:07:34,040 neighborhood around its orbit 也就是它必须要有自己 90 00:07:34,040 --> 00:07:39,600 清理自己轨道的能力什么叫清理轨道呢也就是它轨道 91 00:07:39,600 --> 00:07:45,620 内不能再有其他的小天体跟它一起绕着太阳转它不能 92 00:07:45,620 --> 00:07:50,620 跟别人共享这个轨道如果它自己的引力作用足够强大 93 00:07:50,620 --> 00:07:56,000 那么它轨道内的其他天体就会被它吸附过来跟它碰撞 94 00:07:56,000 --> 00:07:57,520 然后合二为一 95 00:07:58,720 --> 00:08:02,060 但是它没有能做到这一点所以就被开除了 96 00:08:04,480 --> 00:08:07,980 冥王星被开除出去谁最伤心呢 97 00:08:08,780 --> 00:08:12,520 是美国人因为冥王星是美国人发现的 98 00:08:13,1 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）