第2章 欢迎来到太阳系 Welcome to the Solar System · 第4讲
课程:《万物简史》慕课教程(WANWUJS001)主讲:余俊英副教授(数字人)词汇 23 条句型 5 条要点 1 条
一、本课要点
- 词源小贴:asteroid(小行星)与asterisk(星号)同源,均源自希腊语aster(星星)。
二、核心词汇(23)
| 词条 | 释义 / 讲解 |
|---|
| dismayingly | adv. 令人沮丧地。源自dismay(使灰心),此处形容太空的寂静让人失望。 |
| uneventful | adj. 平淡无奇的,无重要事件发生的。un-(不)+ event(事件)+ -ful。 |
| detritus | n. 碎片,碎屑。指岩石风化或磨损后留下的小石块或尘埃。 |
| neighborly intervals | 近邻般的间隔。指挂图中行星靠得极近,如同邻居一样,与真实宇宙距离不符。 |
| cast shadows | 投射阴影。cast shadow over... 指物体遮挡光线,在另一物体上形成阴影。 |
| necessary deceit | 必要的欺骗。指数学上为展示全貌而牺牲真实比例的示意图,虽不真实但必要。 |
| way beyond | far beyond,远远超出。way作程度副词,强调距离或程度之远。 |
| further vs. farther | farther指具体物理距离更远;further指抽象程度进一步。如:investigate further(进一步调查)。 |
| in practical terms | 实际上,从实际操作角度。in fact的同义替换,强调现实可行性。 |
| come close | 接近,靠近。此处指无法接近真实比例。come close to doing sth. 差点做某事。 |
| diagram | 示意图,图解。侧重展示结构、关系或原理,不同于写实图片(map/illustration)。 |
| diameter | 直径。简称D。对应半径radius(R)。地球直径缩小至豌豆大。 |
| bacterium | 细菌(单数)。复数bacteria。此处形容冥王星按比例缩小后极小,肉眼难辨。 |
| Centaur | 半人马(希腊神话生物)。本课指半人马座(Constellation Centaurus)。 |
| Proxima | 邻近的。Proxima Centauri 即“比邻星”,离太阳最近的恒星。 |
| Molecule | 分子。物质中能独立存在并保持化学性质的最小单元,如水分子 H2O。 |
| Skin tanning | 皮肤晒黑。Tan 作名词指晒后的古铜色/棕色,常含健康或美观意味。 |
| Little more than | 几乎只是,不过是。等同于 merely 或 only,用于降低事物的重要性或程度。 |
| lonely void | 孤寂的虚空。void指完全空无一物的空间,形容宇宙的荒凉与空旷。 |
| far apart | 相距甚远。形容天体之间巨大的距离间隔,强调空间的稀疏性。 |
| well needed | 极度缺乏。此处为反语或强调,指空间极度空旷,物质极度稀缺。 |
| stately manner | 庄严/缓慢的姿态。stately形容庄重、缓慢且威严的样子,描绘彗星运行的优雅迟缓。 |
| comets | 彗星。太阳系小天体,由冰、尘埃组成,接近太阳时形成明亮彗尾。 |
三、句型与语法点(5)
| 要点 | 说明 |
|---|
| drawn to scale | 按比例绘制的。scale在此指“比例尺”。remotely drawn to scale意为“完全没有按比例”。 |
| times...than | 倍数比较句型:A is five times farther from B than B is from C. 前者距离是后者的五倍。 |
| as...as... | 同级比较结构。as small as... 意为“像……一样小”,此处用于夸张比喻。 |
| 虚拟语气 | 与现在事实相反:If + 过去式 (shrank/was), 主句 would + 动词原形。 |
| so...that... | 如此……以至于……。so far that the sun has shrunk... 表示距离之远导致的结果。 |
四、课堂讨论题
1. 老师,讲稿里说太阳系里的可见物质只占空间的“一兆分之一”,这个“一兆”到底是多少啊?这么小的比例是不是意味着太空真的啥都没有?
2. 为什么老师说是“必要的欺骗”(necessary deceit)?既然挂图上的行星挨得很近是不真实的,为什么还要这样画,不画真实距离行吗?
3. 讲稿里提到木星和海王星的距离,还有木星和地球的距离,说海王星离木星是木星离地球的五倍。这个“五倍”在图上为什么看起来没那么大?
4. 老师,farther和further都能表示“更远”或“进一步”,讲稿里说further可以指抽象的(比如调查案件),farther指具体的距离。能再多举几个例子让我彻底分清吗?
5. 如果地球缩小到豌豆那么大,木星要在300米外,冥王星在一英里半外,那如果我们把地球放大到篮球那么大,冥王星会在哪里?这样想是不是更容易理解太阳系的空旷?
五、Discussion Questions (English)
1. Teacher, the script says visible matter in the solar system only takes up 'one trillionth' of space. How big is a trillion? Does this tiny proportion mean space is really empty?
2. Why does the teacher call the solar system maps a 'necessary deceit'? If the planets being close together on the chart is untrue, why draw it that way? Can't we just draw the real distances?
3. The script mentions that Neptune is five times farther from Jupiter than Jupiter is from Earth. Why does this 'five times' distance look much smaller on the diagram than it actually is?
4. Teacher, both 'farther' and 'further' mean 'more distant' or 'to a greater degree'. The script says 'further' can be abstract (like investigating a case) while 'farther' is for physical distance. Can you give more examples to help me distinguish them clearly?
5. If Earth were shrunk to the size of a pea and Jupiter was 300 meters away, where would Pluto be? What if we enlarged Earth to the size of a basketball instead? Would that help us better understand how empty the solar system is?
六、听力 / 讲稿全文
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Hey guys,it's good to see you again.
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Have you written your one sentence summary of our
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previous lesson?
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Here's mine.
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Pluto is tiny,odd,faint,
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and far away from the Sun.
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Now here's the question from last session.
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What would the Sun look like if you were on Pluto?
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Here we go.
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Now,
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the first thing you are likely to realize is thatspace
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is extremely well named and rather dis mayingly
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uneventfulspace
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is well named
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意思是 space 这个名字起得特别好名副其实
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What does space mean?
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It could mean a blank or empty area For example,
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the space between words
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Space between words Space between lines
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所以 space 其实是空白的地方叫 space
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那这个名字起的特别好那是因为太
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空这个地方真是太空了真是名副其实的空
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所以无论是中文的太空还是英文的 space 都是名副其
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实的 and
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rather dis mayingly uneventfuldis
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may 是个动词 it means to disappoint or to discourage so
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dis mayingly means disappointingly 令人失望的
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uneventful event 是名词指事件那么 uneventful 就是
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很多事件在发生的很热闹的
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uneventful 那就是死气沉沉没有发生什么事静悄悄的
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令人失望 Our
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solar system may be the liveliest thing for trillions
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of miles 我们的太阳系可能是方圆几兆英里范围内的
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最热闹的地方了 L liveliest 最活跃的最有活力的 But
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all the visible stuff in it V isible
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先前见过就是可见的尽管是最活跃的
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世界最多的最热闹的一个地方但就算是这里所有的可
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见的物质加起来
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所有的东西加起来也仅仅不过是占据了所有空间的一
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兆分之一罢了
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available space 指的是整个太阳系的空间可以拥有的
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空间
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好了现在破折号里的部分不是句子的主干主干刚才已
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经说了破词号的部分是在讲这个 visible stuff 它到底
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指的是什么包括 the sun 太
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阳 the planets 各大行星和它们的卫星还有 the billion
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or so or so means aboutbillion
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十亿数十亿的 tumbling rockstumbling 是翻着跟头的
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tumble 这个动词就表示翻跟头有的时候你走路的时候
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你可能不小心有没有 tumble into a pit 不小心刷到坑里
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边去 tumble 就是翻跟头 tumbling rocks 翻着滚的这些
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岩石 of the asteroid beltasteroid belt 是小行星带这
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个 belt 指的是带状的东西 asteroid 就是小行星看
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这个图这就是 Tumbling Rocks of the Asteroid Belt
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上面都是一些大大小小的岩石
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这些你可以把它看成是大石块吧其实这个小行星带就
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是由这些石块组成的 K Comets 还有彗星
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还有其他的 And other miscellaneous drifting detrit
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us 读作 M iscellaneous M iscellaneous means all sorts
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of,all kinds of,各种各样的,
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零零总总的,drifting,
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不断漂浮着的,
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detrit us Detrit us 有点像我们先前见过的一个词是
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debr is,讲的是残骸,也是碎块,
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碎片 Detrit us means small pieces of stone,
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small pieces of rocks that have been worn away from a
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rock
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小石块小碎屑石头的碎屑或者像这样这种木屑啊这些
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都叫做 Detrit us 那太空中有很多这些漂浮着这些尘埃
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啊碎石屑啊等等所有的都加起来还仅仅占据了不过是
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一
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兆分之一的空间可见太阳系是多么空啊而太阳系之外
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的空间比太阳系还要空了刚
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才我们说的 asteroid belt
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指的就是这一圈这
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一圈这个 asteroid belt 小行星带指的就是火星轨道和
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木星轨道之间的有非常非常多的小行星它们也组成了
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这个区域它们也是绕着太阳在公转的那
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现在关注一下这个词 asteroid 刚才说的 asteroid 就是
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小行星那
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我们再看这个 asterisk 这就是星星的意思是拉丁文里
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面星星的意思所以我们现在
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星号比如手机电脑上都有星号键这个星号键就是叫
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asterisk
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在我们第一课的时候学过的一个词 astronomy 天文学
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当时我跟大家说这个 astro 是星星的意思看到了吗他
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们的词型是很相近的 You
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also quickly realized that none of the maps you have
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ever seen of the solar system were remotely drawn to
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scale Drawn to scale 指的是按比例去画的
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Remotely remote 是遥远的意思 Remote control
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比如说 remote control 就是遥控器
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那整个句子,你
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很快就能意识到
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你见过的所有的太阳系的挂图,
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那些图画没有一张是按比例画的
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一点点比例的关系都没有 remotely,
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就是你一点都扯不上
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多数的学校教室里边的挂图 charts 是挂图的意思
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……(后略,完整文稿见视频页字幕)
本素材由艾智语途工场自动整理,仅供教学使用。配套视频:https://www.icclass.cn/VideoPlayer_ECom?id=10314
七、课堂练习(AI 生成)
1. 在描述“进一步调查某项科学数据”时,下列哪个英文短语最符合材料中的用法?
A. investigate farther
B. investigate further
C. investigate far apart
D. investigate well needed
答案:B · 根据材料,farther指具体物理距离,further指抽象程度进一步,故调查数据应用further。
2. 材料中提到的倍数比较句型“A is five times farther from B than B is from C”主要表达什么含义?
A. A到B的距离是B到C距离的五倍
B. A到B的距离比B到C近五倍
C. A和B之间的距离是C到D的五倍
D. A、B、C三点构成五倍三角形
答案:A · 该句型为标准的倍数比较结构,表示前者距离是后者的五倍。
3. 在展示太阳系行星位置时,挂图常采用“necessary deceit”(必要的欺骗),这主要是因为:
A. 真实宇宙距离太远,按比例绘制会无法看清
B. 科学家故意伪造数据以误导学生
C. 行星之间的引力关系需要数学计算
D. 示意图必须使用鲜艳的颜色标注
答案:A · 材料指出“必要的欺骗”指数学上为展示全貌而牺牲真实比例的示意图,因真实距离过大无法按比例呈现。
4. 句子“so far that the sun has shrunk...”中使用了“so...that...”结构,该结构在材料中的功能是:
A. 表示同级比较,意为“像……一样”
B. 表示程度与结果,意为“如此……以至于……”
C. 表示虚拟语气,与现在事实相反
D. 表示倍数关系,强调距离之远
答案:B · 材料明确标注so...that...为“如此……以至于……”结构,用于表示距离之远导致的结果。
5. 根据板书中的“词源小贴”,asteroid(小行星)与asterisk(星号)的共同词源是希腊语中的哪个词?
A. event
B. scale
C. aster
D. void
答案:C · 材料明确指出两者均源自希腊语aster(星星),属于同源词。