第2章 欢迎来到太阳系 Welcome to the Solar System · 第3讲S2

1. 老师，讲稿里说天体的 'albedo' 是反射率，还打了个比方说跟 'lump of charcoal'（木炭块）差不多。为啥用木炭来比喻？这能帮我理解低反射率是啥感觉吗？
2. 我发现 'spacecraft' 和 'spaceship' 好像都能叫航天器，那 'craft' 这个词在其他交通工具里（比如 aircraft）也是这个意思吗？它们之间有啥细微区别没？
3. 作者说以光速去冥王星来回要14小时，但航天器得花好几年。为啥航天器速度（lumbering）跟光速差这么多？是不是因为物理定律限制，还是技术还没跟上？
4. 讲稿里提到 'get a fix on' 是弄清楚、搞清楚的意思。这个词组里的 'fix' 跟平时说的 'fix a car'（修车）里的 fix 意思完全不一样吗？怎么区分？
5. 既然冥王星被降级了，但后来发现的天体比它还大，那如果未来发现更多类似的，太阳系行星数量还会变吗？这会对我们理解 '行星' 的定义有啥新启发？

1. The transcript mentions 'albedo' as reflectiveness and compares it to a 'lump of charcoal'. Why use charcoal as an example? Does this help me visualize what low reflectiveness feels like?
2. I noticed both 'spacecraft' and 'spaceship' can refer to spacecraft. Is 'craft' used in other vehicles like 'aircraft' too? What's the subtle difference between them?
3. The author says it takes 14 hours round-trip to Pluto at light speed, but spacecraft take years. Why is there such a huge gap between spacecraft speed (described as lumbering) and light speed? Is it due to physical laws or just current tech limits?
4. The text says 'get a fix on' means to understand or grasp something. Is the 'fix' here completely different from the 'fix' in 'fix a car'? How can I tell the difference?
5. Since Pluto was downgraded, but larger objects have been found since, will the number of planets in the solar system change again? What new insights does this offer for defining a 'planet'?

1 00:00:05,970 --> 00:00:09,630 Dubbed Varuna is nearly as big as Pluto's moon. 2 00:00:10,090 --> 00:00:14,510 Dubbed means named,有一颗名叫 Varuna 的, 3 00:00:14,610 --> 00:00:18,100 就几乎跟冥王星的卫星差不多大。 4 00:00:18,460 --> 00:00:23,260 事实上呢,后来发现的有比冥王星还大的天体, 5 00:00:23,360 --> 00:00:24,820 也是绕着太阳转。 6 00:00:25,000 --> 00:00:27,960 那如果冥王星算行星的话, 7 00:00:28,220 --> 00:00:30,720 那其他的那些难道也算吗? 8 00:00:30,720 --> 00:00:36,260 那都这么说如果都算的话太阳系算起来要有五十三颗 9 00:00:36,260 --> 00:00:39,660 行星那小学生们可惨了怎么背呀 10 00:00:46,030 --> 00:00:48,000 听文学家认为 11 00:00:48,500 --> 00:00:53,660 还有几十亿颗这样的物体几十亿颗这样的天体呢 12 00:01:15,970 --> 00:01:21,410 他们的 albedo,albedo 就是 reflectiveness, 13 00:01:21,710 --> 00:01:28,800 就是反射率,反照率,就是天体的反射光的率, 14 00:01:28,960 --> 00:01:31,320 就是有多少被它吸收进去, 15 00:01:31,380 --> 00:01:33,060 然后有多少被反射出来。 16 00:01:33,060 --> 00:01:38,980 如果是白色的反射率就非常高黑色的就会被吸的比较 17 00:01:38,980 --> 00:01:41,780 多反射率很低看起来就比较暗 18 00:01:42,300 --> 00:01:46,160 那它的这个反射率是仅仅是百分之四 19 00:01:47,120 --> 00:01:51,093 Ab out the same as a lump of charcoal 就跟一块的木炭差 20 00:01:51,093 --> 00:01:57,520 不多 A lump of charcoal 这可不是燃烧着的木块黑黑的 21 00:01:57,520 --> 00:02:01,800 是一块黑黑的木炭那也就是被它吸收进去的是很多的 22 00:02:01,800 --> 00:02:04,000 Lump 指 23 00:02:04,220 --> 00:02:09,640 的是块状的东西肿块有时候比如说你心情比较激动的 24 00:02:09,640 --> 00:02:14,000 时候想哭的时候你会觉得 You can feel a lump in your 25 00:02:14,000 --> 00:02:20,240 throat 喉咙有点哽咽好像肿了那么一块 Lump Charcoal 26 00:02:20,240 --> 00:02:22,380 是木炭这个 27 00:02:22,470 --> 00:02:26,390 coal 是煤炭 Charcoal 就是木炭 And of course these 28 00:02:26,390 --> 00:02:31,270 lumps of charcoal are about 4 billion miles away 这些木 29 00:02:31,270 --> 00:02:35,910 炭,木炭一样的天体,它的反射率是很低的, 30 00:02:36,010 --> 00:02:40,050 而不但反射率这么低,它距离我们还要非常遥远, 31 00:02:40,210 --> 00:02:41,970 四十亿英里远。 32 00:02:44,070 --> 00:02:45,830 And how far is that exactly? 33 00:02:46,750 --> 00:02:48,670 四十亿英里到底是多远呢? 34 00:02:48,790 --> 00:02:50,610 It's almost beyond imagining, 35 00:02:51,230 --> 00:02:52,390 简直是无法想象。 36 00:02:52,390 --> 00:02:55,290 Space,you see,is just enormous, 37 00:02:55,810 --> 00:03:00,010 just enormous Let's imagine for purposes of ed 38 00:03:00,010 --> 00:03:05,430 ification and entertainment that we are about to go on a 39 00:03:05,430 --> 00:03:09,310 journey by rocket ship 我们想象一下吧我们想象一下 40 00:03:09,310 --> 00:03:15,190 自己要乘坐宇宙飞船去进行一次太空旅行 Rocket ship 41 00:03:15,190 --> 00:03:17,270 means a spaceship powered by rocket 42 00:03:17,980 --> 00:03:23,920 那这里 for purposes of 指的是为什么目的为了什么 ed 43 00:03:23,920 --> 00:03:26,980 ification 是启蒙教导 44 00:03:27,580 --> 00:03:32,460 那也就是为了学点东西吧那 entertainment 是娱乐一 45 00:03:32,460 --> 00:03:36,750 方面为了了解一下一方面也是为了好玩我们来想象一 46 00:03:36,750 --> 00:03:41,400 下我们来乘坐宇宙飞船出去旅行 We won't go terribly 47 00:03:41,400 --> 00:03:45,860 far Just to the edge of our own solar system But we need to 48 00:03:45,860 --> 00:03:52,340 get a fix on on how big a place space is to get a fix on means 49 00:03:52,340 --> 00:03:53,500 to understand 50 00:03:54,440 --> 00:03:59,980 to have a fix on to get a handle on or to get a grasp of 这几 51 00:03:59,980 --> 00:04:04,860 个词语词组意思都是相近的就是弄清楚搞清楚 52 00:04:06,440 --> 00:04:10,920 可以看一下例句 It's not easy to get a fix on this new era 53 00:04:10,920 --> 00:04:11,800 we've entered 54 00:04:12,550 --> 00:04:17,450 要想理解我们走进的这个新时代不是那么容易还有 55 00:04:17,450 --> 00:04:22,270 after reading that biography I felt really I really had 56 00:04:22,270 --> 00:04:27,390 a fix on Jefferson 阅读了那本传记以后我总算我真正 57 00:04:27,390 --> 00:04:30,750 的对杰斐逊有了一定的了解好了 58 00:04:31,190 --> 00:04:35,230 今天这里说我们需要了解的是我们需要理解一下 how 59 00:04:35,230 --> 00:04:40,670 big a place space is 需要理解太空到底是多大的一个地 60 00:04:40,670 --> 00:04:45,790 方 and what a small part of it we occupy 而我们占据的又 61 00:04:45,790 --> 00:04:48,290 是多么的渺小的一个空间 62 00:05:00,530 --> 00:05:06,550 坏消息是我们根本就赶不回家吃晚餐就算是以光速前 63 00:05:06,550 --> 00:05:10,810 进就是一秒三十万公里的话 64 00:05:11,450 --> 00:05:16,810 也得要花七个小时才能到达 Pluto 那还得再回来呢一 65 00:05:16,810 --> 00:05:19,310 来一回就 14 个小时 But 66 00:05:19,380 --> 00:05:22,200 of course we can't travel at anything like that speed 67 00:05:22,200 --> 00:05:27,900 Anything like that speed 是强调当然我们也不可能以 68 00:05:27,900 --> 00:05:31,180 光速前进 We'll have to go at the speed of a spaceship 69 00:05:31,740 --> 00:05:36,480 我们只能够以航天器的速度前进 And these are rather 70 00:05:36,480 --> 00:05:40,700 more lumbering 那航天器的速度比起光速来 71 00:05:41,180 --> 00:05:47,560 那可就太慢了算是蜗牛速度了吧 lumberinglumber 本 72 00:05:47,560 --> 00:05:52,520 身是木材的意思 lumbering means awkward in movement 73 00:05:52,520 --> 00:05:58,000 就是动作缓慢而笨拙的牛肚 The 74 00:05:58,990 --> 00:06:03,390 best speeds yet achieved by any human object are those 75 00:06:03,390 --> 00:06:08,330 of Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraftwhich are now flying away 76 00:06:08,330 --> 00:06:13,150 from us at about 35,000 miles an hour 由 77 00:06:14,490 --> 00:06:20,990 人类创造的人类所造的任何物体它的最高的速度目前 78 00:06:20,990 --> 00:06:27,910 就是旅行者一号和旅行者二号航天器 Spacecraft 跟 79 00:06:27,910 --> 00:06:34,550 Space ship 是一样的意思 Craft 就是一种交通工具比如 80 00:06:34,550 --> 00:06:38,370 说 Aircraft 那就是飞机 Which 81 00:06:38,790 --> 00:06:43,730 are now flying away 这个 which 就是旅行者一号和二号 82 00:06:43,730 --> 00:06:44,710 他们 83 00:06:45,440 --> 00:06:52,260 现在正在以每小时三万五千英里的速度远离我们 84 00:06:52,260 --> 00:06:53,240 Well, 85 00:06:53,790 --> 00:06:54,250 in fact, 86 00:06:54,430 --> 00:06:59,890 Voyager 2 just flew past Pluto in 2015 But this book was 87 00:06:59,890 --> 00:07:03,630 written in 2004 So the author didn't know about that 88 00:07:03,630 --> 00:07:08,570 Voyager 2 took many pictures of planets and their moons 89 00:07:08,570 --> 00:07:12,810 And those pictures are really clear Let's enjoy some of 90 00:07:12,810 --> 00:07:13,970 them This 91 00:07:15,250 --> 00:07:19,460 is Jupiter and they discovered volcano on Jupiter 92 00:07:20,350 --> 00:07:23,150 非常清晰这是木星的照片 93 00:07:24,920 --> 00:07:27,610 This is Saturn 土星 94 00:07:28,220 --> 00:07:36,830 Uran us 天王星很蓝很蓝的天王星 Pluto and its moon 95 00:07 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）