第1章 迷失在宇宙中 Lost in the Cosmos · 第4讲

1. 老师，讲稿里说 'If the universe had formed just a tiny bit differently...'，为什么这里要用过去完成时 'had formed' 而不是普通的过去时 'formed' 呀？这跟虚拟语气有什么关系？
2. 文中提到 'had gravity been a little stronger' 和 'had it been weaker' 这两个句子，好像把 'had' 提到了最前面，连 'if' 都不要了。这种倒装结构在虚拟语气里是必须的吗？
3. 'Density' 和 'Component parts' 这两个词在讲宇宙参数时经常出现，能具体解释一下它们在这里指代的是什么吗？如果密度稍微变一点，为什么会导致宇宙像帐篷一样塌下来？
4. 教授 Tryon 说 'no one had counted the failed attempts'，这句话怎么理解？这是否意味着我们存在的宇宙只是无数次失败尝试中偶然成功的那一个？
5. 最后提到 'mighty span of eternity' 和 'infinite number' of universes，这跟 'Fine-tuning'（精细调节）的观点有什么联系？是不是因为宇宙数量无限，所以恰好有一个适合我们生存就不足为奇了？

1. Teacher, in the sentence 'If the universe had formed just a tiny bit differently...', why do we use the past perfect tense 'had formed' instead of the simple past 'formed'? What's the connection to the subjunctive mood?
2. The text mentions 'had gravity been a little stronger' and 'had it been weaker', where 'had' is moved to the front and 'if' is omitted. Is this inversion mandatory in the subjunctive mood?
3. 'Density' and 'component parts' appear frequently when discussing cosmic parameters. Can you explain what they specifically refer to here? If the density changes slightly, why does the universe collapse like a tent?
4. Professor Tryon said 'no one had counted the failed attempts'. How should I understand this? Does it mean our universe is just the one that succeeded by chance after countless failures?
5. Finally, the text mentions 'mighty span of eternity' and an 'infinite number' of universes. How does this relate to the concept of 'fine-tuning'? Is it saying that with infinite universes, it's not surprising that one fits us?

1 00:00:11,790 --> 00:00:14,470 Hello,everybody.It's good to see you again. 2 00:00:14,870 --> 00:00:16,840 Previously, 3 00:00:16,900 --> 00:00:19,900 we discussed possible causes for the Big Bang, 4 00:00:20,060 --> 00:00:23,200 and different scientists proposed many different 5 00:00:23,200 --> 00:00:23,660 notions. 6 00:00:24,780 --> 00:00:28,600 Are we simply part of an eternal cycle of expanding and 7 00:00:28,600 --> 00:00:29,560 collapsing universe? 8 00:00:31,160 --> 00:00:34,560 Or it may be that a false vacuum or vacuum 9 00:00:34,560 --> 00:00:38,620 energyintroduced a measure of instability that 10 00:00:38,620 --> 00:00:39,940 triggered the Big Bang? 11 00:00:42,250 --> 00:00:45,550 大俄罗罗会 trends going on all the time everywhere 12 00:00:46,950 --> 00:00:50,670 and what's their space and time in other forms before 13 00:00:50,670 --> 00:00:54,680 the big bandwell these are very close to religious 14 00:00:54,680 --> 00:00:59,150 questionsinflation theory holds that the universe 15 00:00:59,150 --> 00:01:03,150 underwent a dramatic expansionshortly after the big 16 00:01:03,150 --> 00:01:06,220 benwith in a fraction of a 17 00:01:06,220 --> 00:01:09,400 momentgravityelectromagnetism 18 00:01:09,860 --> 00:01:13,780 and weak nuclear forcesstrong nuclear 核心力量出现 19 00:01:13,780 --> 00:01:17,720 了然后它们被变成了物体 20 00:01:18,600 --> 00:01:24,660 就是物质的物质而宇宙本身很快就变大了 21 00:01:25,520 --> 00:01:27,960 然后我们就有了宇宙 22 00:01:29,900 --> 00:01:30,200 但是 23 00:01:32,100 --> 00:01:38,160 从我们的角度来看我们觉得宇宙是什么样的所以这是 24 00:01:38,160 --> 00:01:44,220 我们今天要探索的题目 Why did the universe turn out so 25 00:01:44,220 --> 00:01:45,680 well for us? 26 00:01:47,660 --> 00:01:52,400 Turn out means to have a particular result For example, 27 00:01:52,500 --> 00:01:54,610 it was a difficult time, 28 00:01:54,870 --> 00:01:58,630 but luckily things turned out all right Or 29 00:01:58,730 --> 00:02:03,290 to my surprise,it turned out that I was wrong It 30 00:02:03,580 --> 00:02:06,320 refers to the universe How 31 00:02:06,440 --> 00:02:11,520 well it turned out for us 指的是宇宙经过一段时间的变 32 00:02:11,520 --> 00:02:17,920 化出落的对我们来说是特别的适合出落的刚刚好 33 00:02:19,190 --> 00:02:24,210 这一点呢从我们的角度来看是相当的不同寻常 34 00:02:44,010 --> 00:02:47,230 stable elements to make you and me and the ground we 35 00:02:47,230 --> 00:02:50,980 stand on 这一句它的结构是 36 00:02:51,700 --> 00:02:52,260 if 37 00:02:53,550 --> 00:03:01,450 第二个 if 然后 then 就是如果怎样怎样如果怎样怎么样 38 00:03:02,590 --> 00:03:04,200 那么就会如何 39 00:03:05,640 --> 00:03:09,080 所以是两个 if 是并列的可能 40 00:03:09,560 --> 00:03:14,770 大家还会看到这不还是有第三个 if 吗但是这个 if 并不 41 00:03:14,770 --> 00:03:17,300 是跟这两个并列的这个 if 呢 42 00:03:17,920 --> 00:03:21,180 是具体的来说明这第一个 if 43 00:03:22,260 --> 00:03:30,640 我们现在来仔细的看如果宇 44 00:03:31,410 --> 00:03:34,710 宙的形成稍稍有点不同好 45 00:03:34,810 --> 00:03:39,710 现在举了个例子稍稍有点不同比如说在哪有点不同呢 46 00:03:40,440 --> 00:03:47,280 诸如出现重力出现的重力稍微强了一点 Fractionally 47 00:03:47,280 --> 00:03:51,280 means a little bit Fraction means a small part of 48 00:03:51,280 --> 00:03:54,700 something So fractionally means just a little bit 49 00:03:54,700 --> 00:04:00,180 stronger or weaker 如果重力稍稍强一点或者稍稍弱一 50 00:04:00,180 --> 00:04:04,930 点这是用来解释上面的这一句的 If 51 00:04:05,600 --> 00:04:09,180 the expansion had proceeded just a little more slowly 52 00:04:09,180 --> 00:04:09,840 or swiftly 53 00:04:11,000 --> 00:04:17,100 如果膨胀的速度稍微快了一点或者慢了一点那么 54 00:04:17,580 --> 00:04:19,820 会产生什么后果呢 55 00:04:26,860 --> 00:04:34,590 那就恐怕就不可能会出现稳定的元素来创造你和我还 56 00:04:34,590 --> 00:04:39,660 有我们现在赖以利足的这片土地了这 57 00:04:41,160 --> 00:04:44,840 一句话里边用的是虚拟语气 58 00:04:45,380 --> 00:04:52,520 虚拟语气表示与事实相反的一种假设这种假设是不可 59 00:04:52,520 --> 00:04:57,460 能存在的不可能变成真实的只是做一个假设我们看更 60 00:04:57,460 --> 00:04:59,160 多的例子 If 61 00:05:00,050 --> 00:05:02,510 I were you,I would go at once 62 00:05:04,330 --> 00:05:07,090 我要是你的话我立刻就去了 63 00:05:07,650 --> 00:05:14,390 那我肯定不是你所以这是虚拟语气因为这是不可能变 64 00:05:14,390 --> 00:05:16,110 成现实的 I 65 00:05:16,780 --> 00:05:20,240 would go it once 它的结构是这样的 if 66 00:05:21,350 --> 00:05:23,830 然后加上一个主语比如这个 I 67 00:05:24,600 --> 00:05:29,120 然后再加上过去时这就是它特殊的地方 68 00:05:29,860 --> 00:05:31,320 如果我是你的话 69 00:05:32,070 --> 00:05:36,850 如果这不是一个虚拟语气而是正常的说那就是 I am you 70 00:05:36,850 --> 00:05:41,230 但这是不可能的我不可能是你所以要用虚拟语气它的 71 00:05:41,230 --> 00:05:46,430 时态跟正常说话是不一样的它要变成 if I were you 72 00:05:46,970 --> 00:05:53,470 变成过去式而且如果是毕动词的话它的过去式一定是 73 00:05:53,470 --> 00:05:57,750 要用 were 不管是单数还是复数不可能用 was 74 00:05:58,690 --> 00:06:05,130 而主句的部分呢就是这里 I would go at once 就是主语后 75 00:06:05,130 --> 00:06:10,790 面跟上根据它的意思跟上 would 或者 should could 或者 76 00:06:10,790 --> 00:06:11,590 might 等等 77 00:06:14,690 --> 00:06:17,730 在表示与过去式是相反的假设的时候 78 00:06:18,290 --> 00:06:19,530 是这样的情况 79 00:06:20,070 --> 00:06:24,670 If he had taken my advice he would not have made such a 80 00:06:24,670 --> 00:06:24,930 mistake 81 00:06:25,510 --> 00:06:30,430 要是他采纳了我的建议就不可能犯这么大的错就不可 82 00:06:30,430 --> 00:06:32,510 能犯这样的错误那 83 00:06:32,670 --> 00:06:37,490 问题是他没有采纳我的建议这是已经发生了的事情发 84 00:06:37,490 --> 00:06:43,350 生过的事情是不可能改变的所以这种假设是与事实相 85 00:06:43,350 --> 00:06:49,110 反不可能成为真实的因此要用虚拟语气那与过去式是 86 00:06:49,110 --> 00:06:52,290 相反的时候呢如果不是虚拟的话 87 00:06:53,090 --> 00:06:58,030 那么它就会用一般过去式可是因为它是虚拟的它就要 88 00:06:58,030 --> 00:07:00,580 用过去完成式 89 00:07:01,460 --> 00:07:03,540 if he had taken my advice 90 00:07:04,060 --> 00:07:09,440 然后主句的部分就是 he 后面跟上 would 然后才是动词 91 00:07:09,440 --> 00:07:12,450 原型总结一下是这样 92 00:07:13,760 --> 00:07:14,260 if 93 00:07:14,710 --> 00:07:19,590 主语然后是过去完成式 had done something 如果这个人 94 00:07:19,590 --> 00:07:24,170 做了这样一件事的话那实际上是肯定没有做的然后主 95 00:07:24,170 --> 00:07:28,990 语 should 或者 would could might 就根据具体的情况了 96 00:07:28,990 --> 00:07:35,030 是将要还是可能会怎样怎样后面是这样的事态 might 97 00:07:35,030 --> 00:07:40,530 have done 那我们把它应用到这边的句子 If the 98 00:07:40,530 --> 00:07:43,830 universe had formed just a tiny bit differently 99 00:07:44,450 --> 00:07:46,050 这是过去完成时 100 00:07:46,97 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）