第1章 迷失在宇宙中 Lost in the Cosmos · 第3讲S2

1. 老师，讲稿里一直在用 'evident' 和 'proof'，这两个词在表示‘证据’这个概念时，具体有啥区别呀？是程度不同还是用法不同？
2. 文中提到了两种 'nothing'，一种是 'absolute nothing'（绝对无），一种是 'vacuum'（真空）。能不能用大白话解释一下，为啥说真空里的‘无’其实还是‘有’？
3. 讲稿里说 'alien culture' 是异国文化，'aliens' 是外星人。那 'alien' 这个词除了‘外星人’，在描述事物时到底强调的是什么特点？是‘奇怪’还是‘陌生’？
4. 为什么科学家能通过做数学题（doing math）和看粒子加速器（particle accelerators），就能‘往回看’到宇宙诞生后那么短的一瞬间？这中间的逻辑是啥？
5. 既然宇宙在10的负43次方秒时小到要用显微镜看，那现在的宇宙已经这么大了。你觉得科学家是怎么确定那个‘瞬间’的尺度和现在的尺度之间的关系的？这会不会只是理论推测？

1. Teacher, the transcript keeps using 'evident' and 'proof'. What's the actual difference between them when talking about 'evidence'? Is it about the degree or how they're used?
2. The text mentions two kinds of 'nothing': 'absolute nothing' and 'vacuum'. Can you explain in plain English why the 'nothing' in a vacuum is actually still 'something'?
3. The script says 'alien culture' means foreign culture and 'aliens' means extraterrestrials. Besides just meaning 'aliens', what specific characteristic does the word 'alien' emphasize when describing things? Is it 'weird' or 'unfamiliar'?
4. Why can scientists 'look back' to such a short moment after the universe's creation just by doing math and observing particle accelerators? What's the logic behind that?
5. Since the universe was so small at 10^-43 seconds that it needed a microscope to see, and now it's huge, how do scientists determine the relationship between the scale of that 'instant' and today's scale? Isn't this just a theoretical guess?

1 00:00:06,420 --> 00:00:09,240 it seems impossible that you could get something from 2 00:00:09,240 --> 00:00:13,020 nothing but the fact that once there was nothing and now 3 00:00:13,020 --> 00:00:17,040 there is a universe is evident proof that you can get 4 00:00:18,190 --> 00:00:22,050 something from nothing 无中生有此 5 00:00:22,140 --> 00:00:24,820 事看起来不太可能 but 6 00:00:25,140 --> 00:00:28,580 the fact that once there was nothing 但 7 00:00:28,710 --> 00:00:36,430 曾经什么也没有而现在我们有了一个宇宙这个事实是 8 00:00:36,780 --> 00:00:42,720 一个很明显的证据显而易见的一个证据它证明此事完 9 00:00:42,720 --> 00:00:49,540 全有可能完全可以无中生有 The fact is evidence proof 10 00:00:50,230 --> 00:00:57,510 划线的部分是 but 后面的句子的主干结构而 11 00:00:57,770 --> 00:01:00,910 这个 that once there was nothing and now there is a 12 00:01:00,910 --> 00:01:07,550 universe 这是同位于重句修饰 the fact 就是这个事实 13 00:01:07,550 --> 00:01:12,330 它是一个 evident proofevident 我们最好先知道它的 14 00:01:12,330 --> 00:01:19,370 名词就是 evidence E V I D E N C E CE 结尾的 evidence 意思是 15 00:01:19,370 --> 00:01:21,390 证据那么 evident 16 00:01:22,110 --> 00:01:28,170 意思就是证据很明显的证据确凿的就是是一个显而易 17 00:01:28,170 --> 00:01:29,550 见的一个 proof 18 00:01:31,660 --> 00:01:32,220 I 19 00:01:32,830 --> 00:01:35,770 think there are two kinds of nothing First there is 20 00:01:35,770 --> 00:01:39,050 something I call absolute nothing No equations, 21 00:01:39,410 --> 00:01:40,010 no space, 22 00:01:40,290 --> 00:01:43,630 no time Absence of anything that the human mind can 23 00:01:43,630 --> 00:01:47,810 conceive of Just nothing But then I think there is the 24 00:01:47,810 --> 00:01:50,690 vacuum Which is nothing but the absence of matter 25 00:01:51,570 --> 00:01:58,330 Profess or Kaku's version of nothing Is a perfect 26 00:01:58,330 --> 00:01:58,790 vacuum 27 00:01:59,390 --> 00:02:03,950 Where on the face of it there is only energy 但是在完美 28 00:02:03,950 --> 00:02:11,550 的空间中,能量有时会轻轻地转变成物质。 29 00:02:12,230 --> 00:02:16,510 这是一个这种小爆炸,可能会一直持续发生, 30 00:02:16,570 --> 00:02:19,130 结果结果是一场大爆炸。 31 00:02:20,990 --> 00:02:21,470 所以, 32 00:02:21,690 --> 00:02:25,210 对我来说,大学并没有从完全无法解决的东西来到, 33 00:02:25,190 --> 00:02:27,850 就是一个无数的状态,无空间, 34 00:02:27,930 --> 00:02:28,710 无时间的状态。 35 00:02:28,850 --> 00:02:31,130 它是从一个已经存在过去的状态来到的, 36 00:02:31,110 --> 00:02:32,730 也是一个无法解决的状态。 37 00:02:45,130 --> 00:02:45,670 It 38 00:02:46,700 --> 00:02:50,780 may be that our universe is merely part of many larger 39 00:02:50,780 --> 00:02:53,660 universes,some in different dimensions, 40 00:02:54,060 --> 00:02:57,600 and that big bands are going on all the time, 41 00:02:57,600 --> 00:02:59,540 all over the place 这 42 00:03:00,530 --> 00:03:04,190 句的主干结构就是 It may be that and that, 43 00:03:04,410 --> 00:03:09,130 It may be that 意思是可能是怎样怎样, 44 00:03:09,230 --> 00:03:15,310 也可能是怎样怎样现在我们来看 that 引导的表语重句 45 00:03:15,310 --> 00:03:22,890 第一个是我们所 46 00:03:23,110 --> 00:03:29,190 处的这个宇宙只不过是许多更大宇宙的一部分而这更 47 00:03:29,190 --> 00:03:36,330 大的这个宇宙呢它们各有各的尺寸 Dimensions 这个词 48 00:03:36,330 --> 00:03:42,550 也可以读作 Dimensions 我们之前见过了就是各自的维 49 00:03:42,550 --> 00:03:47,730 度长宽高这样各自的大小规模是不一样的 50 00:03:53,180 --> 00:03:58,970 在宇宙各地到处都在同时发生大爆炸 51 00:04:17,510 --> 00:04:19,330 To one we almost can 52 00:04:20,340 --> 00:04:26,420 这句结构跟前面一句是一样的还是推测可能 53 00:04:26,550 --> 00:04:31,690 是怎样怎样也可能是空间和时间 54 00:04:32,290 --> 00:04:34,010 在大爆炸之前 55 00:04:34,830 --> 00:04:40,670 是以一种完全不同的形式存在的 Had some other forms 56 00:04:40,670 --> 00:04:41,130 altogether 57 00:04:41,850 --> 00:04:46,770 整个都是不一样的一个形式存在而这种形式呢 too 58 00:04:46,770 --> 00:04:48,490 alien for us to imagine 59 00:04:50,250 --> 00:04:56,850 过于奇异实在太奇怪了我们根本就无法想象 alien 60 00:04:56,850 --> 00:05:00,530 means different very different from ours 61 00:05:01,660 --> 00:05:07,700 比如说 an alien culture 就是异国文化异族的文化我们 62 00:05:07,700 --> 00:05:09,640 还可以把外星人叫做 aliens 63 00:05:11,590 --> 00:05:17,090 and that 一样的也是对前面这个 that 具体再进一步说 64 00:05:17,090 --> 00:05:22,450 明可以说跟它是并列的 It may be that and that The Big 65 00:05:22,450 --> 00:05:27,010 Bang represents some sort of a transition phase 大爆炸 66 00:05:27,010 --> 00:05:33,310 实际上是代表着某一种过渡时期 Transition 过渡 67 00:05:33,310 --> 00:05:34,910 Phase means period 68 00:05:35,850 --> 00:05:38,890 Where the universe went from a form we can't understand 69 00:05:38,890 --> 00:05:46,630 在这个时期呢宇宙从我们完全无法理解的一种形式演 70 00:05:46,790 --> 00:05:53,170 变成了一种我们 we almost can 我们几乎可以理解的一 71 00:05:53,170 --> 00:05:54,750 种形式可以 72 00:05:55,420 --> 00:05:59,080 说基本上还是不能理解只是 al most can 快 73 00:05:59,690 --> 00:06:01,830 可以理解了几乎可以理解了 74 00:06:02,280 --> 00:06:05,540 These are very close to religious questions 75 00:06:06,080 --> 00:06:07,900 Dr.Andre Lind, 76 00:06:08,240 --> 00:06:13,360 a cosmologist at Stanford told the New York Times in 77 00:06:13,360 --> 00:06:21,050 2001 这几乎这已经是非常接近宗教问题了 78 00:06:22,090 --> 00:06:26,770 这个科学家的名字我们在这本书中会遇到很多科学家 79 00:06:27,410 --> 00:06:32,130 很多都不是英国人美国人所以他们的名字呢发音不能 80 00:06:32,130 --> 00:06:36,550 按正常的英语的发音规则的这是一个俄罗斯的 81 00:06:37,370 --> 00:06:38,690 那个科学家 82 00:06:40,950 --> 00:06:48,830 大家可以看可以去网上搜 B BC 的宇宙系列可以看到这 83 00:06:48,830 --> 00:06:53,830 些科学家本人你就可以看到他被采访的时候说的这些 84 00:06:53,830 --> 00:06:54,130 话 85 00:06:55,210 --> 00:07:00,130 通过这种方式你也可以复习我们在这本书里面听到过 86 00:07:00,130 --> 00:07:02,950 的学到过的很多东西大 87 00:07:05,580 --> 00:07:12,080 爆炸 88 00:07:12,270 --> 00:07:19,950 理论的核心并不是关于大爆炸本身而是大爆炸之后发 89 00:07:19,950 --> 00:07:22,450 生了什么 Not long after, 90 00:07:22,590 --> 00:07:29,010 mind you 不过我可要提醒你不是研究大爆炸发生很久 91 00:07:29,010 --> 00:07:30,710 以后的事而 92 00:07:30,970 --> 00:07:35,310 是片刻之后 By doing a lot of math and watching 93 00:07:35,310 --> 00:07:37,730 carefully what goes on in particle 94 00:07:37,730 --> 00:07:41,470 acceleratorsscientists believe they can look back 95 00:07:41,470 --> 00:07:46,930 to10 to the power of minus 14 seconds after the moment of 96 00:07:46,930 --> 00:07:51,010 creation when the universe was still so small that you 97 00:07:51,010 --> 00:07:54,550 would ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）