第1章 迷失在宇宙中 Lost in the Cosmos · 第2讲S1

1. 老师，文中说 'much of what we think we know' 是宾语，为什么这里要用 'think' 的原形而不是 'thought' 呢？
2. 讲义里提到 Georges Lemaître 在 20 年代提出大爆炸理论时用了 'tentatively'，这个词具体是什么意思？为什么用这个词？
3. 文中说这个发现是 'inadvertent' 的，这跟 'persistent background noise'（持续的背景噪音）有什么联系？他们是怎么从噪音里发现证据的？
4. 为什么两位天文学家在 60 年代才发现大爆炸的证据，而 Lemaître 在 20 年代就提出了，中间隔了这么久才变成 'active notion'？
5. 用 'kicking around' 来形容一个科学想法在 20 年代的状态，这个表达有什么画面感？它跟 'proposed' 有什么区别？

1. Teacher, the text says 'much of what we think we know' is the object, but why use the base form 'think' instead of 'thought'?
2. The notes mention Georges Lemaître used 'tentatively' when proposing the Big Bang theory in the 1920s. What does this word mean exactly, and why was it used?
3. The text describes the discovery as 'inadvertent'. How is this related to the 'persistent background noise'? How did they find the evidence from the noise?
4. Why did it take until the 1960s for the Big Bang theory to become an 'active notion' in cosmology, when Lemaître proposed it back in the 1920s?
5. Using 'kicking around' to describe a scientific idea in the 1920s creates a vivid image. How does it differ from just saying 'proposed'?

1 00:00:12,500 --> 00:00:14,520 嗨,大家好,欢迎回来。 2 00:00:15,820 --> 00:00:18,820 在我们之前的设计中,我们 3 00:00:18,980 --> 00:00:23,080 想象了一个非常小的空间里面的磁铁。 4 00:00:23,610 --> 00:00:26,930 然后,我们把一瓶磁铁或一切在那里的物质包装进去。 5 00:00:28,420 --> 00:00:30,460 然后,我们有一个单位。 6 00:00:31,220 --> 00:00:33,680 然后,宇宙开始从单位, 7 00:00:34,240 --> 00:00:37,180 而 98 的所有物质在那里, 8 00:00:37,460 --> 00:00:40,380 在第一三分钟中生成。 9 00:00:40,360 --> 00:00:43,360 But when and why did this happen? 10 00:00:44,020 --> 00:00:47,560 It is still unknown In today's lesson, 11 00:00:47,720 --> 00:00:51,740 we are going to explore how scientists discovered the 12 00:00:51,740 --> 00:00:53,560 proof of the Big Bang 13 00:00:54,550 --> 00:00:56,550 Now here we go There 14 00:00:56,800 --> 00:01:00,800 is of course a great deal we don't know And much of what we 15 00:01:00,800 --> 00:01:01,600 think we know, 16 00:01:01,760 --> 00:01:04,680 we haven't known or thought we've known for long 17 00:01:05,280 --> 00:01:09,420 Even the notion of the Big Bang is quite a recent one The 18 00:01:09,420 --> 00:01:13,320 idea had been kicking around since the 1920s, 19 00:01:13,360 --> 00:01:16,820 when Georges Lema tre,a Belgian priest scholar, 20 00:01:17,100 --> 00:01:19,340 first tentatively proposed it. 21 00:01:19,460 --> 00:01:22,660 But it didn't really become an active notion in 22 00:01:22,660 --> 00:01:25,860 cosmology until the mid 1960s, 23 00:01:25,860 --> 00:01:29,020 when two young radio astronomers made an 24 00:01:29,020 --> 00:01:32,300 extraordinary and inadvertent discovery. 25 00:01:34,050 --> 00:01:38,170 第一句是 and 连接的两个并列句前 26 00:01:38,240 --> 00:01:44,740 面的部分结构简单就是其实还有很多细节还有很多东 27 00:01:44,740 --> 00:01:46,180 西我们并不了解 28 00:01:47,160 --> 00:01:52,260 现在我们主要看后面的这一句 much of what we think we 29 00:01:52,260 --> 00:01:52,640 know 30 00:01:53,760 --> 00:01:58,500 we haven't known for long 这个部分先不看其实 31 00:01:58,540 --> 00:01:59,800 呢 we haven't known 32 00:02:00,590 --> 00:02:05,450 才是这个句子的主干的部分那么它的宾语是什么呢就 33 00:02:05,450 --> 00:02:11,500 是 much of what we think we know 这是一个导装其实有很 34 00:02:11,500 --> 00:02:17,650 多我们以为我们认为我们知道的东西我们也是心静不 35 00:02:17,650 --> 00:02:23,070 久才了解到的我们也并不是长久以来就已经知道的那 36 00:02:23,070 --> 00:02:27,310 现在这个部分又是什么呢它跟什么是并列的呢因为有 37 00:02:27,310 --> 00:02:31,710 一个 or 我们就可以寻找跟它并列的成分跟 38 00:02:31,870 --> 00:02:32,810 它并列的就是 39 00:02:33,590 --> 00:02:34,930 think we know 40 00:02:35,700 --> 00:02:40,240 所以实际上这个句子应该是这样理解的它的主干是 we 41 00:02:40,240 --> 00:02:42,980 haven't known something for long 42 00:02:43,680 --> 00:02:50,540 也就是有某些东西呢我们也是才刚刚了解不久才刚刚 43 00:02:50,540 --> 00:02:55,720 知道的我们并不是很早以前就明白的那么这里说的某 44 00:02:55,720 --> 00:03:00,700 些东西也就是 we haven't known 的宾语其实有两个第一 45 00:03:00,700 --> 00:03:02,780 个就是 what we think we know 46 00:03:03,550 --> 00:03:09,050 我们认为自己知道的我们认为自己已经了解的还有 47 00:03:09,240 --> 00:03:15,620 一个就是或者我们以为自己知道为什么要用过去式呢 48 00:03:15,620 --> 00:03:22,120 因为我们曾经以为但是现在因为科学的更多的发现发 49 00:03:22,120 --> 00:03:27,200 现原来的想法是错的所以现在已经不这么想了所以 50 00:03:27,650 --> 00:03:29,310 这里可以用要用过去式, 51 00:03:29,370 --> 00:03:31,710 or thought we've known 好了, 52 00:03:31,830 --> 00:03:36,870 回到这边的句子排成正常的顺序应该是 We haven't 53 00:03:36,870 --> 00:03:40,310 known much of what we think we know or thought we've 54 00:03:40,310 --> 00:03:43,730 known for long 作者把它倒装, 55 00:03:43,810 --> 00:03:48,930 这样重新排一下是为了起到一个强调的作用 Even the 56 00:03:48,930 --> 00:03:54,210 notion of the Big Bang is quite a recent one 就算是大爆 57 00:03:54,210 --> 00:03:58,310 炸理论也并不是一个很悠久的理论了 It's quite a 58 00:03:58,310 --> 00:03:59,870 recent one The 59 00:04:00,030 --> 00:04:04,330 idea had been kicking around since the 1920s 在 60 00:04:04,460 --> 00:04:08,280 20 世纪的 20 年代那个 61 00:04:08,400 --> 00:04:14,080 时候起呢就已经开始有了这个大爆炸理论的苗头有了 62 00:04:14,080 --> 00:04:19,780 一些想法一些 ide a Kicking around 就是指开始有动静 63 00:04:19,780 --> 00:04:25,900 了开始被提出来了那个时候呢是由一个 Ge orges 64 00:04:25,900 --> 00:04:34,280 Lemaitre 是一位比利时的牧师学者提出的他当时提出 65 00:04:34,280 --> 00:04:34,940 的时候也是 66 00:04:37,940 --> 00:04:43,660 试探性的试验性的提出了这个想法 Tentatively It 67 00:04:43,660 --> 00:04:48,340 means you're not sure of it Not definite or certain or 68 00:04:48,340 --> 00:04:50,320 maybe changed later 69 00:04:51,400 --> 00:04:55,140 比如说 Tentative measures 是验性的措施 70 00:04:56,200 --> 00:05:00,780 好了他当时提出这个 ide a 的时候 It didn't really 71 00:05:00,780 --> 00:05:03,740 become an active notion in cosmology 72 00:05:04,380 --> 00:05:10,420 当时并没有引起多少的重视所以这个 ide a 并没有成为 73 00:05:10,420 --> 00:05:13,520 宇宙学的一个 active notion 74 00:05:14,560 --> 00:05:20,160 notion 就相当于是 ide a 并不是一个活跃的概念这 75 00:05:20,610 --> 00:05:31,760 种情况直到 1960 年代中期才有了改变 76 00:05:31,760 --> 00:05:34,850 那这个时候发生了什么事情呢 77 00:05:41,310 --> 00:05:47,610 因为这个时代这个时候有两位年轻的射电天文学家有 78 00:05:47,610 --> 00:05:52,530 了一个非同寻常的但是又是无意为之的发现 79 00:05:54,730 --> 00:06:00,570 Radio 就是无线电指电磁波在空气中的传播 80 00:06:01,150 --> 00:06:05,390 Radioastronomist 射电天文学家在 81 00:06:05,550 --> 00:06:11,670 射电天文学出现之前天文学家观测宇宙主要是靠光学 82 00:06:11,670 --> 00:06:12,410 望远镜 83 00:06:12,950 --> 00:06:19,290 但是光的传播会受到空气还有距离的影响比如说遇到 84 00:06:19,290 --> 00:06:22,250 很多尘埃的时候就会看不清 85 00:06:22,850 --> 00:06:28,030 所以是有一定的局限那射电天文学家呢他们使用天线 86 00:06:28,030 --> 00:06:33,050 来接收宇宙中的一些电磁波就可以说使我们观测的范 87 00:06:33,050 --> 00:06:38,440 围就更大了 Inadvertent 是指 88 00:06:39,970 --> 00:06:46,670 像是无心插柳柳成音那样完全并不是一开始就要去寻 89 00:06:46,670 --> 00:06:50,530 找这个东西的是无意间发现的他们 90 00:06:52,840 --> 00:06:59,510 的名字是 Arnold Pan the us 和 Robert Wilson 在 1965 年他 91 00:06:59,510 --> 00:07:05,720 们正在尝试使用一个大型传输 antennas 在 Holmd or, 92 00:07:05,940 --> 00:07:09,140 纽约的 Bell Laboratories 拥有的但他们被困在一种不 93 00:07:09,140 --> 00:07:15,740 断的背景声音一种稳定的热烈的响声使任何试验工作 94 00:07:15,740 --> 00:07:17,260 都不可能声 95 00:07:17,540 --> 00:07:23,480 音不断和不集中 It came from every point in the sky, 96 00:07:23,680 --> 00:07:31,700 day and night,through every season1965 年呢, 97 00:07:31,740 --> 00:07:34,200 这两位天文学家他们 98 00:07:34,230 --> 00:07:39,040 trying to make use of make use of 是 ……（后略，完整文稿见视频页字幕）